Dp 80 dual ccd color and monochrome camera

To visualize and estimate the effect of Serendipita colonization on switchgrass root architecture, root hair density and surface area were measured at the precontact stage of colonization (Fig. 3). Images of the root tip were acquired using an Olympus SZX 12 fluorescent stereomicroscope (Olympus Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) equipped with an Olympus DP-80 dual CCD color and monochrome camera, and run by Olympus cellSens image acquisition software. Subsequently, a uniform fragment of 2 mm was selected from the root maturation zone for the estimation of root hair density and root surface area using RhizoVision Analyzer (version 1.0.3) (Seethepalli et al. 2019) (link). Within each colonization treatment, the data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance using CoStat statistical software 6.4 (Cohort, Berkeley, CA, U.S.A.). Treatment means were compared using the least significant difference value at P < 0.05. The data were plotted graphically using the package ggplot2 (Wickham 2016) in R studio (R Studio, Inc., Boston, MA, U.S.A.).
Estimation of plant biomass.
Plants were harvested at late postcontact stage of colonization for the measurement of height, tiller diameter, and shoot dry biomass (Fig. 4). The data analysis and the graphical presentation follows the same procedure as for root hair density.

Tissue sections and cells were visualized using an Olympus IX83 inverted microscope and 10x or 20x objectives. The images were captured with an Olympus DP80 dual CCD color and monochrome camera and CellSens software. Images were adjusted consistently using open source ImageJ software.