Hem 7130 hp

To assess the health status and energy balance of the participants, physical measurements were carried out on items of particular interest [4 ]. The participants’ height and waist–hip circumference were measured with a measuring tape, and their weight was measured with a scale (HD-660, Tanita Co., Tokyo, Japan). The BMI was calculated using the formula of weight (kg) divided by height squared (m²), and was categorised as follows: underweight for BMI < 18.5, normal weight for BMI 18.5–24.9, overweight for BMI 25.0–29.9, and obese for BMI > 30.0 [21 ]. Body fat percentage was measured using a handheld body fat monitor (HBF-306C, Omron Co., Tokyo, Japan). Blood pressure was measured using an upper-arm blood pressure monitor (HEM-7130-HP, Omron Co., Tokyo, Japan). Hypertensive individuals were those with systolic blood pressure (SBP) of 140 mmHg or higher and/or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of 90 mmHg or higher, while those with severe hypertension were those with SBP of 160 mmHg or higher and/or DBP of 100 mmHg or higher [4 ]. As a proxy indicator of physical activity, step counts were measured using a wearable monitor over three consecutive dates, and average daily step counts were calculated (Fitbit Surge, Fitbit, CA, USA).