Tecnai g2 s twin

UV-vis absorption spectrum is obtained using a Perkin Lambda UV-vis-NIR spectrophotometer. The transparency and reflectance are recorded using a UV-via NIR spectrometer with an integrating sphere unit. X-ray diffraction (XRD) is recorded using a Shimadzu XRD-7000 with Cu-Kradiation. The morphology and characterizations of the obtained samples is assessed on a field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM, FEI Quanta 200 F) and with transmission electron microscopy (TEM, FEI Tecnai G2 S-Twin) with an operating voltage of 300 kV. Electrical conductivity is measured by multimeter. Optical microscope image is recorded on Leica DM500. All optical measurements are performed at room temperature.
The external adjustable power 808 nm NIR laser with a spot size of 0.6 cm² is used to measure the photothermal conversion performance of nanofilm. The output power is independently calibrated using a handy optical power meter. The in-situ temperature is recorded by an infrared thermometer with accuracy of ±0.1 °C tilted 45°relative to the path of the laser.

A Hitachi S-4800 field emission scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to characterize the morphologies of samples. The Raman spectra were collected with a customized LabRAM HR800 confocal Raman microscope (HORIBA Jobin Yvon). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) images acquired on a FEI Tecnai G2 S-Twin were used to determine size, interlayer spacing, and sample morphology. Surface elemental analysis was performed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) using an ESCALABMKLL X-ray photoelectron spectrometer.

PEG capped CZNPs were synthesized using a non-hydrolytic sol–gel reaction method as described previously [32 (link)]. We also used the PEGylation method to make water-dispensable CZNPs [31 (link), 33 (link)]. The synthesis process of PEG-CZNPs is briefly described in Additional file 1: Supplementary method and schematically shown in Additional file 1: Fig.S1A. The PEG-CZNPs were then characterized using field-emission transmission electron microscopy (FE-TEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) (Tecnai G² S-TWIN; FEI Company, Eindhoven), bio-high voltage electron microscope (Bio-HVEM, JEM-1400 Plus and JEM-1000 BEF; JEOL Ltd.,Tokyo), multi-purpose X ray-diffractometer (XRD, X’Pert Powder; Malvern Panalytical, Malvern), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA, SCINCO TGA 1000; Scinco Co., Seoul), dynamic light scattering measurements (DLS, Zetasizer Nano-ZS system; Malvern Instruments Ltd., Malvern). 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assays were performed to examine the antioxidant capacity of PEG-CZNPs as described previously [32 (link)]. To confirm the intracellular localization of PEG-CZNPs we have made FITC conjugated PEG-CZNPs. The process of the preparation of FITC conjugated PEG-CZNPs is briefly shown in in Additional file 1: Supplementary method and Fig. S1B,C.

Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) was used to characterize the morphology of CNCs. Measurement was conducted on a FEI Tecnai G2S-Twin (FEI, USA) with a field emission gun working at 200 kV. More than 100 individual crystallites in the TEM images were measured to gain the size distribution using ImageJ.

Crystalline structure, the morphology, and chemical composition of the samples were investigated by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) (Rigaku D/max TTR-III diffractometer with graphite monochromatized Cu Kα radiation (λ = 0.15405 nm)), scanning electron microscope (SEM, JSM-6480A), transmission electron microscopy (TEM, FEI Tecnai G2 S-Twin), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and the X-ray photoelectron spectra XPS (VG ESCALAB MK II electron energy spectrometer using Mg KR (1253.6 eV) as the X-ray excitation source). Raman spectra were conducted on a confocal laser microRaman spectrometer (LABRAM-HR, JY Co.), and N₂ adsorption/desorption isotherms were measured from Micromeritics ASAP Tristar II 3020 apparatus. The electrochemical properties were carried out by a CHI 666D electrochemical workstation. All the tests were carried out at room temperature.

The crystal phase was analyzed by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD; Bruker Co., Bremen, Germany) on a D8 Advance diffractometer using Cu Kα radiation (λ = 0.154 Å). The morphology, structure and size of the samples were determined by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM; Philips XL30 ESEM FEG, Japan) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM; FEI Tecnai G2 S-Twin, München, Germany). The elemental compositions were analyzed by energy-dispersive X-ray energy spectrometry (EDX; Philips, XL-30 W/TMP, Konan, Japan). Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR, Bio-Rad Win-IR Spectrometer, Watford, UK) was recorded in the range of 400–4000 cm⁻¹ using the attenuated total reflection (ATR) mode and the KBr slice method. Atom force microscopy (AFM) images were acquired by Bruker’s Dimension Icon and Multimode-V AFM. The amounts of GdPO₄·H₂O, GdPO₄·H₂O@SiO₂, GdPO₄·H₂O@SiO₂–APS, and PBLG-g-GdPO₄·H₂O were determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA, TA Instruments TGA500, New Castle, DE, USA) in air at a heating rate of 10 °C/min from 25 °C to 800 °C.