Phenanthrene was obtained from Merck (Sigma-Aldrich) and dissolved in DMSO to give stock solutions of 20, 30 and 50 mM. Experimental solutions with Phenanthrene concentrations shown in the Results contained a maximum of 0.1% DMSO.
Phenanthrene
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, United Kingdom, Germany, Australia, France, China, Spain
Phenanthrene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon that consists of three fused benzene rings. It is a crystalline solid at room temperature. Phenanthrene is commonly used as a laboratory reagent and in the synthesis of other chemical compounds.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Pyrene, by Merck Group (33 mentions)
Naphthalene, by Merck Group (27 mentions)
Anthracene, by Merck Group (21 mentions)
Fluoranthene, by Merck Group (21 mentions)
Fluorene, by Merck Group (17 mentions)
Benzo a pyrene, by Merck Group (13 mentions)
Acenaphthylene, by Merck Group (11 mentions)
Chrysene, by Merck Group (10 mentions)
Acenaphthene, by Merck Group (9 mentions)
Benzo b fluoranthene, by Merck Group (9 mentions)
Benzo k fluoranthene, by Merck Group (7 mentions)
Benzo a anthracene, by Merck Group (6 mentions)
Indeno 1 2 3 cd pyrene, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Sodium hydroxide (naoh), by Merck Group (4 mentions)
1 7 phenanthroline, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
4 7 phenanthroline, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Methanol, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Acetone, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Toluene, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Sodium chloride (nacl), by Merck Group (3 mentions)
92 protocols using phenanthrene
1
Phenanthrene Solubility in DMSO
2
Growth of Delftia acidovorans Mutants
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Bacterial cultures used were D. acidovorans Cs1-4 wild type (WT), mutant M3 and mutant M6 (Table S1 ). Also, a transposon mutant of D. acidovorans Cs1-4 that was flagella-free, but retained wild type levels (Table S1 ), was used in the experiments examining membrane stress and those on OMV/nanopod production. Cultures were routinely grown in mineral salts medium (MSM, [20] (link)) with phenanthrene (1 mg/mL; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) as the sole source of carbon and incubated at 28°C with shaking at 150 rpm. For selected experiments, sodium pyruvate (Sigma) was added to MSM as the carbon source instead of phenanthrene. All cultures were started with an inoculum containing 108 cells/mL pre-cultured on phenanthrene, and were established in triplicate for quantitative analyses.
3
PAH Extraction from Environmental Samples
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The following chemicals were purchased from Sigma Aldrich, Australia: PAH mix containing: acenaphthylene (ACENY), acenaphthene (ACEN), fluorene (FLU), phenanthrene (PHEN), anthracene (ANTH), fluoranthene (FLUA), pyrene (PYR), benz (2N-FLU), 9-nitroanthracene (9N-ANT) and internal standards comprising of naphthalene-d8, phenanthrene-d10, chrysene-d12 and perylene-d12, as well as acenaphthene-d10 and flouranthene-d10 surrogate standards. Anhydrous sodium sulphate (99 % purity), n-hexane, dichloromethane and acetone (99.8 % purity) were also sourced from Sigma Aldrich, Australia.
Bond Elut C18 (500 mg) and QuEChERS extract and dispersive SPE tubes (15 ml) were purchased from Agilent Technologies, Australia. An aliquot of 20 ml hexane: acetone (4:1) was then added into the sample tube. The mixture was vortexed for 1 min and then subjected to ultrasonic treatment for 15 min followed by centrifugation at 2000 x g for 10 min. The organic layer was transferred into 60 ml amber vials after centrifugation. The extraction process of solvent addition, vortexing and centrifugation were repeated two more times and the organic extracts combined followed by concentration to approximately 500 µl.
Bond Elut C18 (500 mg) and QuEChERS extract and dispersive SPE tubes (15 ml) were purchased from Agilent Technologies, Australia. An aliquot of 20 ml hexane: acetone (4:1) was then added into the sample tube. The mixture was vortexed for 1 min and then subjected to ultrasonic treatment for 15 min followed by centrifugation at 2000 x g for 10 min. The organic layer was transferred into 60 ml amber vials after centrifugation. The extraction process of solvent addition, vortexing and centrifugation were repeated two more times and the organic extracts combined followed by concentration to approximately 500 µl.
4
Extraction and Characterization of PAHs from Rabbit Meat
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Fluoranthene, phenanthrene, naphthalene, and silica gel (70‐230 mesh ASTM) were obtained from Merck. Fluorene and pyrene from Hopkin Williams LTD, whereas acenaphthalene, benzopyrene, and anthracene were bought from BDH. HPLC grade solvents, like n‐hexane, dichloromethane, and acetonitrile, were purchased from Samchun. Potassium hydroxide was bought from Scharlau while methanol and anhydrous sodium sulfate from Daejung. Rabbit meat was bought from the local market of Faisalabad, Pakistan.
5
Synthesis of Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds
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All manipulations have been performed under prepurified N2 using standard Schlenk techniques. Dry solvents were dispensed from a solvent purification system (Innovative Technologies; Newburyport, MA, USA). Commercial reagents 4-bromo-naphthalic anhydride (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany, 95%), Ammonium hydroxide solution (A.C.S reagent, 28–30%), ethynyltrimethylsilane (Merck, 98%), Copper (I) iodide (Merck, 98%), triethylamine (Merck, 99.5%), 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane (Merck, 97%), tetrabutylammonium fluoride (TBAF, 1M in tetrahydrofuran, Panreac), naphthalene (Koch-Light Labs, Haverhill, UK), anthracene (≥99%, Merck), phenanthrene (≥99.5%, Merck), and pyrene (≥99%, Merck) were used as received.
6
Analytical Protocol for Organic Compounds
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Benzoate, 3-hydroxyBenzoate, 4-hydroxyBenzoate, cinnamate, 3-hydroxycinnamate, salicylate, nicotinate, anthranilate, 4-aminoBenzoate, 2-aminophenol, benzamide, simazine, tryptophan, and methyl viologen dichloride hydrate (paraquat, PQ) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, United States). Benzene (>99.7% purity), toluene, biphenyl, naphthalene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluorene, and 30% (w v-1) hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany).
7
Biodegradation of Halogenated Aromatic Compounds
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Acetone in HPLC grade was purchased from ROMIL Company. Phenanthrene (Purity > 98%), NaCl and chemical materials for mineral salt medium (MSM) were purchased from Merck Company. HA and Tween80 were supplied by Sigma Aldridge and Fluka, respectively. The formula of HA was C17H17BrN2O5. Nutrient Broth and R2A Agar were purchased from BIOMARK Company.
8
Determination of PAHs in Food Samples
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Pure PAHs consist of naphthalene, acenaphthene, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, and chrysene purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). A stock standard solution of PAHs has been prepared at a concentration of 100 mg L–1 in methanol. Acetonitrile and methanol with HPLC grade were from Carlo Erba (ValdeReuil, France). The HPLC-grade water and the other solvents and chemicals have been obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). The Alu wire was supplied from Simcat Co. in Tabriz (Iran) and employed as the SPME fiber substrate. Tomato, potato samples have been acquired from Seed and Plant Research Improvement Institute in Karaj (Iran). Sangak bread has been purchased from the Shahrenan-Jihot company (Karaj, Iran).
9
Analysis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
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A PAH standard mixture containing the following 16 PAHs was purchased from Supelco (Bellefonte, PA, USA): naphthalene (Nap); acenaphthylene (Acy); acenaphthene (Ace); fluorene (Flu); phenanthrene (Phe); anthracene (Ant); fluoranthene (Flut); pyrene (Pyr); benzo[a]anthracene (BaA); chrysene (Chr); benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF); benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkF); benzo[a]pyrene (BaP); benzo[g,h,i]perylene (BP); dibenzo[a,h]anthracene (DA); and indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (IP). The following five deuterium isotopes of PAHs were purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd. (Osaka, Japan): D8-Nap; D10-Ace; D10-Phe; D10-Pyr; and D12-BaP. All organic solvents were of pesticide residue and polychlorinated biphenyl test grade. Other chemicals and ultrapure water were of analytical grade.
10
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Analysis
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Thirteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were analysed in this study. Certified reference material EPA 525 PAH Mix B (SupelCo, Bellefonte, PA, USA) was acquired as an internal standard, containing: acenaphthylene (ACNY), anthracene (ANTH), benz[a]anthracene (B[a]A), benzo[b]fluoranthene (B[b]F), benzo[k]fluoranthene (B[k]F), benzo[ghi]perylene (B[ghi]P), benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), chrysene (CHRY), dibenz[a,h]anthracene (D[ah]A), fluorene (FL), indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (I[123-cd]P), phenanthrene (PHEN), and pyrene (PYR).
Sodium chloride (NaCl), magnesium sulfate (MgSO4), and hexane (C6H14) (HPLC grade) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Hypergrade acetonitrile (ACN) was purchased from Merck (Kenilworth, NJ, USA). Sample clean-up was performed using Supel QuE Z-Sep tubes (SupelCo). Preparation of samples was performed using polypropylene tubes. Glass tubes were used during extraction to minimise interference of the samples.
Sodium chloride (NaCl), magnesium sulfate (MgSO4), and hexane (C6H14) (HPLC grade) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Hypergrade acetonitrile (ACN) was purchased from Merck (Kenilworth, NJ, USA). Sample clean-up was performed using Supel QuE Z-Sep tubes (SupelCo). Preparation of samples was performed using polypropylene tubes. Glass tubes were used during extraction to minimise interference of the samples.
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