The carbon concentration of SPC was measured using a TOC-VCPN analyzer (Shimadzu Corp., Kyoto, Japan) after dissolving the SPC (4 mg) in water (20 mL) and Carbohydrate amounts were calculated using glucose molecular weight.36 (link)
Toc vcpn analyzer
Manufactured by Shimadzu
Sourced in Japan
The TOC-VCPN analyzer is a laboratory instrument designed to measure the total organic carbon (TOC) content in various liquid samples. It employs the combustion-infrared method to determine the organic carbon concentration in the sample, providing accurate and reliable results.
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Lab products found in correlation
2100n turbidity meter, by HACH (1 mentions)
8453 uv visible spectrophotometer, by Hewlett-Packard (1 mentions)
913 ph meter, by Metrohm (1 mentions)
Du800 spectrophotometer, by Beckman Coulter (1 mentions)
Nicolet 6700, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
F 4600, by Hitachi (1 mentions)
Optima 8000, by PerkinElmer (1 mentions)
Flow cytometry, by BD (1 mentions)
Live dead baclight bacterial viability kit, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Hq40d meter, by HACH (1 mentions)
Qp2010 plus, by Shimadzu (1 mentions)
Whatman, by Cytiva (1 mentions)
15 protocols using toc vcpn analyzer
1
Measuring SPC Carbon Concentration
2
Dissolved Organic Carbon Quantification
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Samples for dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were collected using a specialized filtration unit which was placed inside a glass cover to avoid contamination. Pre-combusted GF/F filters were used to filter the particulate fraction and collected in a pre-acid cleaned hard plastic bottle at -20°C till analysis. DOC and total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) in the filtrate were determined by high-temperature catalytic oxidation (HTCO) and subsequent non-dispersive infrared spectroscopy and chemiluminescence detection using a Shimadzu TOC-VCPN analyzer fitted with an autosampler. To remove inorganic carbon the samples (6.5 mL) were acidified with HCl and sparged with oxygen for 5 min within the autosampler. 50 µL sample volume was injected directly into the catalyst (heated to 680°C). Final DOC concentrations were average values of triplicate measurements. If the standard variation or the coefficient of variation exceeded 0.1 µM or 1%, respectively, up to 2 additional analyses were performed and outliers were eliminated. After each batch of six samples one DSR (Deep Sea Water Reference Material, Hansell Research Lab, University of Miami, US), one Milli-Q blank, and one potassium hydrogen phthalate standard were measured. The limit of quantification (LOQ) was 7 µM for DOC and 11 µM for TDN and the accuracy was ±5%.
3
Water Quality Analysis via Instrumental Methods
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Water turbidity was determined using an HACH 2100N Turbidity Meter (detection limit = 0.001 NTU). TOC was measured with a Shimadzu TOC-VCPN analyzer (detection limit = 50 μg·L−1). The effect of the coagulants on TOC analysis was found to be negligible. Water alkalinity was obtained per the acid titration technique, and water hardness was measured via the EDTA Titrimetric Method. UV-vis absorption spectra were obtained to determine the characteristics of the DOM using a Hewlett Packard 8453 UV-Visible Spectrophotometer (Hewlett Packard, Waldbronn, Germany) at a wavelength of 254 nm.
4
Photocatalytic Mineralization of 2,4-DMA
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The photocatalytic activity of the synthesized materials was tested for the mineralization of 2,4-DMA. In a typical procedure, 350 mL (0.1 mmol L−1) of 2,4-DMA solution and 175 mg of photocatalyst were transferred to a glass reactor. The suspension was kept under constant stirring in the dark for 30 min, ensuring the adsorption-desorption equilibrium of the test molecule. A UVA lamp (18 W, DULUX L-OSRAM, λ = 340–415 nm and 8.23 × 10−6 Einstein s−1) was used as irradiation. After the adsorption-desorption equilibrium was established, the lamp was turned on, and 4 mL aliquots were collected at different times. The mineralization was followed by the total organic carbon (TOC) analysis using a Shimadzu TOC VCPN analyzer. The calibration accuracy values with LOQ = 0.180 mg L−1 and LOD = 0.053 mg L−1 were obtained. The reuse experiments lasted 180 min and various aliquots were collected and analyzed by TOC. The photocatalyst used was collected by vacuum filtration, washed with deionized water (resistivity > 18 MΩ cm obtained from Gehaka DG500 UF system, São Paulo, Brazil) and dried in an oven at 80 °C (Medicate, MD 1.2). The reuse experiment cycle was repeated three times.
Apparent pseudo-first order kinetic constants (k2,4-DMA) (Equation (5)) to 2,4-DMA were calculated according to the following:
Apparent pseudo-first order kinetic constants (k2,4-DMA) (Equation (5)) to 2,4-DMA were calculated according to the following:
5
Measuring Dissolved Organic Carbon Isotopes
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Before dilution, DOC was measured on a Shimadzu TOC V-CPN analyzer, using the Nonpurgeable Organic Carbon mode78 (link). After dilution and during the incubation, DOC was measured using an OI analytical Aurora TOC analyzer (analytical precision: ± 0.2 mg C L−1). For every timepoint 400 ml samples were taken for Δ14C analysis, acidified to pH < 2 and frozen in 1 l round bottom glass flasks at − 24 °C. Samples were then freeze dried, re-dissolved in a 40 ml alkaline purified water solution and freeze dried again in clear 40 ml screw top vials. Vials used for freeze drying were covered with 0.7 µm glass fibre filters to prevent contamination.
Samples were sent to the Poznan Radiocarbon Laboratory for Δ14C analysis. Samples were pre-treated79 (link), combusted and graphited80 (link) and measured using a Compact Carbon AMS81 (link).
Samples were sent to the Poznan Radiocarbon Laboratory for Δ14C analysis. Samples were pre-treated79 (link), combusted and graphited80 (link) and measured using a Compact Carbon AMS81 (link).
6
Comprehensive Analysis of Elemental Iron and Organic Carbon
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Total Fe was determined with an ICP‐OES Optima 8300 (Perkin Elmer). These samples were acidified (1% vol, HNO3) 24 hr before measurement. Blanks (Milli‐Q water with 1% HNO3) and standards (Fe pure standard, Perkin Elmer) were included at the beginning and the end of each run. OC was analyzed by high temperature catalytic oxidation on a Shimadzu TOC V‐CPN analyzer, using the Nonpurgeable Organic Carbon (NPOC) mode on HCl‐acidified samples (pH < 2). Blanks and standards were included in each run, and a four‐point standard curve was used for calibration. pH was measured with a 913 pH Meter (Metrohm), salinity with an inoLab Cond 730 WTW, and absorbance at 420 nm using a Beckman Coulter DU‐800 spectrophotometer.
7
Comprehensive Seawater Chemistry Analysis
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Physiochemical parameters (salinity and pH) of all collected samples were measured using Eureka 2 Manta multiprobe (Eureka Environmental Engineering, Texas, USA). Total 50 mL of each sample was filtered through a 0.7 μm syringe filter and poisoned with 200 μL of 3.5 g/100 mL HgCl2 solution for nutrient analysis. Now each of the treated samples was filtered through a 0.7 μm pore size GF/F filter (GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences, Pittsburgh, PA, USA) for DOC and nutrients measurements. The total nitrogen (TN) content of each the samples were measured using the EuroVector EA 3000 elemental analyzer. For measurements of DOC, the filtered samples were acidified with concentrated HCl (pH <2) and analyzed by high-temperature catalytic oxidation method method using a TOC-VCPN analyzer (Shimadzu, Mandel, Canada). Seawater standards (Hansell laboratory, RSMAS University Miami, USA) were used for calibration and quality control, and ultrapure water as a blank. The Dissolved inorganic nutrients that includes combined nitrate and nitrite (NOx), phosphate (PO43-P), and silicate (Si(OH)4-) were analyzed using a continuous flow analyzer (Flowsys by Unity Scientific, Brookfield, USA) and detected spectrophotometrically as a colored complex [16 ] (https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.889699 ).
8
Characterization and Secretion Kinetics of Chlorella pyrenoidosa EPS
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The green alga Chlorella pyrenoidosa, having been used in our previous studies57 58 (link), was cultured in the OECD medium. EPS were extracted from the algae by the cation exchange resin method59 (link) (detailed in the SI) and stored at −20 °C. Carbonhydrate and protein contents of EPS were measured by the anthrone method60 (link) and bicinchoninic acid assay61 , respectively. The 3D-EEM spectrum of the extracted EPS was obtained with a spectrofluorometer (Hitachi F-4600, Japan). FTIR spectrum of EPS was recorded on an infrared spectroscope (Nicolet 6700, Thermo scientific, USA). The TOC content was measured by a TOC analyzer (Shimadzu TOC-VCPN analyzer, Kyoto, Japan).
After the EPS extraction, the remaining algae were collected and regarded as the algae without EPS. The TEM characterization, Live/Dead test62 , and 96 h growth assay were performed to assess the potential effect of the EPS extraction on the algae. As one of the major components of EPS, the secretion kinetics of extracellular protein from the untreated and EPS-extracted algal cells in the absence and presence of the AgNPs and Ag+ (from AgNO3) were also determined. Details of the experimental designs are described in the SI.
After the EPS extraction, the remaining algae were collected and regarded as the algae without EPS. The TEM characterization, Live/Dead test62 , and 96 h growth assay were performed to assess the potential effect of the EPS extraction on the algae. As one of the major components of EPS, the secretion kinetics of extracellular protein from the untreated and EPS-extracted algal cells in the absence and presence of the AgNPs and Ag+ (from AgNO3) were also determined. Details of the experimental designs are described in the SI.
9
Cyanobacteria Characterization: Viability, Toxins, and Nutrient Dynamics
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For each sample, (i) the density of cyanobacterial cells was counted using a haemocytometer. (ii) The membrane integrity of the cyanobacterial cells remained in water suspension were analyzed by the flow cytometry (Becton Dickinson, USA). A LIVE/DEAD Baclight bacterial viability kit (L10316, Invitrogen, USA) was used to measure the percentage of intact/viable (Syto-9 stained) to damage/nonviable (propidium iodide stained) cells in a sample.20 (link) (iii) K+ leaking from cyanobacterial were measured following the reported methods of Gu et al., using an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES, OPTIMA 8000, PerkinElmer, USA).21 (link) (iv) The microcystins concentration from water samples was measured using the microcystins ELISA Kit (Beacon Analytical Systems Inc. USA).22 (link) The detection limit of the ELISA kit was is 0.1 μg L−1. (v) The DOC content was analyzed using a TOC-VCPN analyzer (Shimadzu, Japan).23 (link)
10
Multimeter Water Quality Monitoring
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The standard parameters of pH, electrical conductivity, and temperature were recorded using a multimeter and sensors (Sentix®41 pH electrode, TetraCon®325 conductivity cell, Multi 340i multimeter; Xylem Analytics Germany Sales GmbH and Co. KG; Weilheim, Germany). NH4+ and cations were measured by a chromatography device (930 Compact IC; Methrom AG; Herisau, Switzerland). DOC was determined by an analyzer (TOC-VCPN Analyzer; Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan).
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