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Isoflurane

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Isoflurane is a volatile anesthetic agent used in medical and veterinary settings. It is a colorless, nonflammable liquid with a characteristic ether-like odor. Isoflurane is primarily employed as an inhalation anesthetic, providing effective sedation and pain relief during surgical procedures.

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Lab products found in correlation

Heparin, by Fresenius (5 mentions) 24 gauge angiocatheter, by BD (3 mentions) 20 gauge angiocatheter, by BD (2 mentions) Luciferin substrate, by PerkinElmer (2 mentions) Cooled couple charged device camera, by PerkinElmer (2 mentions) Living image 3, by PerkinElmer (2 mentions) Ivis lumina system, by PerkinElmer (2 mentions) Ketamine, by Phoenix Pharmaceuticals (2 mentions) Penicillin, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions) Streptomycin, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions) Tegaderm, by 3M (2 mentions) Propofol, by Zoetis (1 mentions) Ketamine, by Akorn (1 mentions) Xylazine, by Akorn (1 mentions) Carprofen, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Bupivacaine, by Henry Schein (1 mentions) Silastic tubes, by Dow (1 mentions) 17β estradiol, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Phosphate buffered saline (pbs), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions) Atropine sulfate, by Bausch & Lomb (1 mentions)

32 protocols using isoflurane

1

Rodent Portal Vein Ligation Procedure

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All surgeries were performed under cone mask anesthesia with inhaled 5% isoflurane (Phoenix, St. Joseph, MO) for induction and 2–3% isoflurane for maintenance with 2L/minute oxygen flow. After disinfection with betadine (Purdue Products L.P., Stamford, CT), the abdominal cavity was opened by midline and transverse incisions and the portal vein was exposed. The gastrosplenic and duodenopancreatic branches of the portal vein were isolated and tied off, and the hepatic artery was tied off. Heparin (400U, Fresenius Kabi, Lake Zurich, IL) was injected through the inferior vena cava with a 27-gauge needle and allowed to circulate for 5 minutes. The portal vein was cannulated by insertion of a 20-gauge angiocatheter (BD, Sandy, Utah).
Carlson K.N., Verhagen J.C., Jennings H., Verhoven B., McMorrow S., Pavan-Guimaraes J., Chlebeck P, & Al-Adra D. (2022). Single cell RNA sequencing distinguishes dendritic cell subsets in the rat, allowing advanced characterization of the effects of FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand. Scandinavian journal of immunology, 96(1), e13159.
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2

Rodent Hepatectomy and Liver Preservation

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All surgeries were performed under cone mask anesthesia with inhaled 5% isoflurane (Phoenix, St. Joseph, MO) for induction and 2-3% isoflurane for maintenance with 2L/minute oxygen flow. After disinfection with betadine (Purdue Products L.P., Stamford, CT), the abdominal cavity was opened by a midline and transverse incision and the portal vein was exposed by moving the intestine laterally to the left of the abdomen. A 24-gauge angiocatheter (BD, Sandy, Utah) was inserted into the common bile duct and secured with ties. The gastrosplenic and duodenopancreatic branches of the portal vein were isolated and tied off, and the hepatic artery was tied off. Heparin (400U, Fresenius Kabi, Lake Zurich, IL) was injected through the inferior vena cava with a 27-gauge needle and allowed to circulate for 5 minutes. The portal vein was cannulated by insertion of a 1.3mm miniball cannula with basket tip (Harvard Aparatus, Holliston, MA) and immediately flushed with 20mL of NaCl saline. The liver was then explanted, weighed, and transferred to a low-rimmed petri dish on ice for either 4 hours of CS or for the short duration between liver procurement and initiation of perfusion. Livers in the NEVLP and NEVLP-Cyt treatment groups were stored on ice for no longer than 5 minutes prior to connection to the machine perfusion circuit.
Carlson K.N., Pavan-Guimaraes J., Verhagen J.C., Chlebeck P., Verhoven B., Jennings H., Najmabadi F., Liu Y., Burlingham W., Capitini C.M, & Al-Adra D. (2021). IL-10 and TGF-β cytokines decrease immune activation during normothermic ex vivo machine perfusion of the rat liver. Liver transplantation : official publication of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the International Liver Transplantation Society, 27(11), 1577-1591.
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3

Ex-vivo Liver Perfusion Model

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Animals were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups: naive (n = 4), SCS (n = 4), NEVLP with human pRBC (n = 6), NEVLP with rat pRBC (n = 7), and NEVLP with Oxyglobin (n = 8) (Figure 1). Surgeries were performed under inhaled 5% isoflurane (Phoenix, St. Joseph, MO, USA) anesthesia for induction and 2%–3% isoflurane maintenance. After disinfection with Betadine (Purdue Pharma LP, Stamford, CT, USA), the abdominal cavity was opened by a midline and transverse incision and the portal vein was exposed. The common bile duct was cannulated with a 24-gauge angiocatheter (BD Biosciences). The hepatic artery and gastrosplenic and duodenopancreatic branches of the portal vein were isolated and ligated. Heparin (400U, Fresenius Kabi, Lake Zurich, IL, USA) was injected through the inferior vena cava and allowed to circulate for 5 min. The portal vein was then cannulated with a 1.3-mm miniball cannula with basket tip (Harvard Apparatus, Holliston, MA, USA) and flushed with 20 ml of cold 0.9% saline (Baxter). Livers were then explanted and weighed. Naive livers were processed immediately, SCS livers were stored on ice for 4 h and then processed, and NEVLP livers were connected to the perfusion machine with minimal cold ischemic time (<5 min).
Jennings H., Carlson K.N., Little C., Verhagen J.C., Nagendran J., Liu Y., Verhoven B., Zeng W., McMorrow S., Chlebeck P, & Al-Adra D.P. (2022). The Immunological Effect of Oxygen Carriers on Normothermic Ex Vivo Liver Perfusion. Frontiers in Immunology, 13, 833243.
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4

In Vivo Bioluminescence Imaging

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Firefly luciferase activity was analyzed at day 7, 10, 13, 16, 23, and 30 after injections using a Xenogen IVIS Lumina System equipped with a cooled couple-charged device (CCD) camera (Caliper Life Sciences, Hopkinton, MA). Mice were anesthetized with oxygen containing 4% isoflurane (Phoenix Pharmaceuticals, St. Joseph, MO) for induction, and 2% for maintenance. Mice were injected intraperitoneally with luciferin substrate (Caliper Life Sciences, Hopkinton, MA) at a dose of 0.15 mg/g of body weight. Mice were placed in a light-tight chamber and in vivo bioluminescence imaging was acquired at 5 minutes after the substrate injection. Images were analyzed by the Living Image 3.2 software (Caliper Life Sciences, Hopkinton, MA). Signal intensity was quantified as photons/second/cm2/steridian (p/sec/cm2/sr). All procedures were performed according to the principles of the National Research Council’s Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. All efforts were made to minimize suffering of the animals challenged with Huh7-FLuc cells. Animals were monitored daily and humanely euthanized when tumor size reached 1.5 cm in diameter.
Yin L., Keeler G.D., Zhang Y., Hoffman B.E., Ling C., Qing K, & Srivastava A. (2020). AAV3-miRNA vectors for growth suppression of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells in vitro and human liver tumors in a murine xenograft model in vivo. Gene therapy, 28(7-8), 422-434.
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5

Generating SCID Pigs from Somatic Cells

Cited 1 time
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At gestational day 119, pregnant gilts underwent Cesarean sections. We chose gestational day 119 instead of 114 (normal gestation) because piglets derived from somatic cell nuclear transfer typically requiring longer gestational period. Initial anesthesia was induced with either a lumbar epidural of propofol (0.83–1.66 mg/kg) (Zoetis) or intravenous injection of Ketamine (1–2 mg/kg) (Akorn) and Xylazine (1–2 mg/kg) (Akorn), and anesthesia was maintained on oxygen and isoflurane (Phoenix). An abdominal incision was made to expose and remove the uterus. After removal, the uterus was immediately rinsed in chlorohexidine and then surgically opened to remove the piglets. All piglets had their cords clamped before being immediately placed into sterile polystyrene boxes and delivered into biocontainment facilities (14 (link)). All piglets were fed ~250 mL of pasteurized porcine colostrum within the first 24 h of life. A total of eight Art−/−IL2RG−/Y SCID pigs were created and assessed within this study (animal IDs: 6401, 6402, 6403, 6701, 6702, 6901, 6902, and 6903). Piglets derived from the gilt that underwent laparotomy procedures for human stem cell injection (see below) did not receive colostrum. After birth, DNA was isolated from ear notch tissues and subjected to genotyping for ART and IL2RG status using primers and protocols described in Supplemental Table 1.
Boettcher A.N., Li Y., Ahrens A.P., Kiupel M., Byrne K.A., Loving C.L., Cino-Ozuna A.G., Wiarda J.E., Adur M., Schultz B., Swanson J.J., Snella E.M., Ho C.S., Charley S.E., Kiefer Z.E., Cunnick J.E., Putz E.J., Dell'Anna G., Jens J., Sathe S., Goldman F., Westin E.R., Dekkers J.C., Ross J.W, & Tuggle C.K. (2020). Novel Engraftment and T Cell Differentiation of Human Hematopoietic Cells in ART−/− IL2RG−/Y SCID Pigs. Frontiers in Immunology, 11, 100.
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6

NIR Imaging of ICG in Mice

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The fluorescent imaging was acquired on the Spectral Instruments Imaging LagoX and AMIVIEW software (https://spectralinvivo.com/). A serial dilution of ICG was loaded (200uL per sample) into a clear 96 well plate. The plate was exposed to a 710nm excitation and 830nm emission near infrared (NIR) light within NIR range (800-2500nm) for 50 seconds. Sample container, saline, food and intestinal tissue were imaged to control for auto fluorescence with and without ICG. For in situ mouse ICG imaging, mice were intubated and ventilated with 0.5-2.0% isoflurane (Phoenix Pharmaceuticals, Inc). Fluorescence was quantified and expressed as photon flux (photons/sec) per pixel using standardized AMIVIEW software tools. Fluorescence of ICG alone and ICG labeled B420 bacteria were normalized to the respective control tissue and ICG negative control (gavaged ICG alone), as well as the pixel count in the region of interest (ROI).
Lopez-Pier M.A., Koppinger M.P., Harris P.R., Cannon D.K., Skaria R.S., Hurwitz B.L., Watts G., Aras S., Slepian M.J, & Konhilas J.P. (2021). An adaptable and non-invasive method for tracking Bifidobacterium animalis subspecies lactis 420 in the mouse gut. Journal of microbiological methods, 189, 106302.
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7

BaCl2-Induced Muscle Regeneration

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Age-matched 8–12-week-old WT, Fkbp4−/−, and Fkbp5−/− mice were anesthetized with 2%–4% isoflurane (Phoenix). Right and left tibialis anterior (TA) muscles were injected with 50 μL 1.2% BaCl2 and 50 μL PBS, respectively. TA muscles of 3–4 mice from each genotype were extracted immediately post-euthanasia at 5, 7, 10, and 14 days post-injury. Muscles were immediately frozen and 10 μm sections were prepared for hematoxylin eosin (H&E) staining.
Ruiz-Estevez M., Staats J., Paatela E., Munson D., Katoku-Kikyo N., Yuan C., Asakura Y., Hostager R., Kobayashi H., Asakura A, & Kikyo N. (2018). Promotion of Myoblast Differentiation by Fkbp5 via Cdk4 Isomerization. Cell reports, 25(9), 2537-2551.e8.
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8

BaCl2-Induced Muscle Regeneration

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Age-matched 8–12-week-old WT, Fkbp4−/−, and Fkbp5−/− mice were anesthetized with 2%–4% isoflurane (Phoenix). Right and left tibialis anterior (TA) muscles were injected with 50 μL 1.2% BaCl2 and 50 μL PBS, respectively. TA muscles of 3–4 mice from each genotype were extracted immediately post-euthanasia at 5, 7, 10, and 14 days post-injury. Muscles were immediately frozen and 10 μm sections were prepared for hematoxylin eosin (H&E) staining.
Ruiz-Estevez M., Staats J., Paatela E., Munson D., Katoku-Kikyo N., Yuan C., Asakura Y., Hostager R., Kobayashi H., Asakura A, & Kikyo N. (2018). Promotion of Myoblast Differentiation by Fkbp5 via Cdk4 Isomerization. Cell reports, 25(9), 2537-2551.e8.
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9

Tissue Isolation and Preparation

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Rats were anesthetized (Isoflurane, # 57319–479–06, Phoenix Pharmaceuticals) immediately after behavior tests. The brains were quickly removed and hippocampus, amygdala and cerebral prefrontal cortex were identified according to Paxinos and Watson [18 ] and grossly dissected out and rapidly frozen and stored at -80°C. The isolated brain regions were homogenized and prepared as previously published by us [9 (link)]. Blood was collected and plasma was separated immediately and stored at -80°C.
Patki G., Salvi A., Liu H., Atrooz F., Alkadhi I., Kelly M, & Salim S. (2015). Tempol Treatment Reduces Anxiety-Like Behaviors Induced by Multiple Anxiogenic Drugs in Rats. PLoS ONE, 10(3), e0117498.
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10

Ovariectomy and Sumatriptan in Rats

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Ovariectomy was performed on female rats at 3–4 weeks (21–28 days) of age (i.e. before puberty). Under isoflurane (2.5%) inhalation anesthesia (Phoenix Pharmaceuticals, St. Joseph, MO, USA) in 97.5% O2, six female rats were treated with 0.5% of bupivacaine (from Henry Schein, Melville, NY, USA) at their surgical incision site and an intramuscular injection of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, carprofen [5 mg/kg; Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA)], followed by removal of the ovaries through bilateral upper flank incisions (Joseph and Levine, 2003b (link), a (link)). The ovarian bundles were tied off with 4-0 silk sutures and the ovaries excised. The fascia and skin were closed with 5-0 silk suture. Five weeks after the surgery sumatriptan (1 ng) was injected intradermally on the dorsum of the hindpaw.
Araldi D., Ferrari L.F., Green P, & Levine J.D. (2016). Marked Sexual Dimorphism in 5-HT1 Receptors Mediating Pronociceptive Effects of Sumatriptan. Neuroscience, 344, 394-405.
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