where T is the number of emerged adults in tested units, C is the number of emerged adults in control unit5 ,26 , 39 (link).
Mortality and IE data obtained at each concentration was subjected to probit-regression analysis to determine LC50 and LC90 values and, IE50 and IE99 values using SPSS (v.9.0) program for Windows.
Residual effect in semi-field data was analyzed by one-way ANOVA. Kruskal–Wallis test was employed to compare adult emergence inhibition and adult emergence rates across all stand-alone and combination treatments. This non-parametric test was well-suited for comparing medians, particularly in cases where a non-normal distribution was observed, a condition not accommodated by the ANOVA test. A significance level of p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.