β nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate reduced form

Plumbagin was obtained from the LKT Laboratories (St. Paul, Minnesota, USA). Bradford solution was a product of Bio-Rad (Hercules, CA, USA). Eosin Y 1% aqueous solution and Mayer’s hematoxylin were from Bio Optica (Milan, Italy). Xylene and Permount^® were bought from Fisher Scientific (Loughborough, UK). Alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST), bovine serum albumin, β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate reduced form (NADPH), xanthine oxidase, nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT), 5,5-dithio-bis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB), SOD, CAT, GSH reductase, malondialdehyde (MDA), thiobarbituric acid (TBA), and 4-vinylpyridine (4-VP) were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich Chemical (St. Louis, Missouri, USA). Ammonium molybdate and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) were purchased from Ajax Finechem (Melbourne, Australia). Trichloroacetic acid (TCA) was a product of Loba Chemie (Mumbai, India). All other laboratory chemicals were of the highest purity from commercial suppliers.

β-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-reduced form (NADH), β-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-reduced form (NADPH), 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA), 1,1,3,3-tetraethoxy propane (TEP), DL-glyceraldehyde, lithium sulfate, β-mercaptoethanol, reduced glutathione (GSH), 5,5′-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid; DTNB), and melatonin (MT), were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Company (St. Louis, MO, USA). Streptozotocin (STZ) was purchased from Upjohn Company (Kalamazoo, MI, USA). Streptozotocin was reconstituted immediately before use with 9.5 ml of 0.9% NaCl and 5% dextrose according to the manufacturer’s instruction. Enzymatic kit used for determination of glucose was prepared from Pars Azemoon Company (Tehran, Iran). HbA1c kit was obtained from Intermedical Company (Villaricca, Italy). All other reagents were obtained from other commercial sources.