A FEI Versa 3D Dual Beam Scanning Electron Microscope/Focused Ion Beam (Hillsboro, OR) with an XMAX silicon drift detector (Oxford Instruments, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, UK) was used to obtain information regarding the surface morphology, elemental composition, and distribution of elements of the protein samples. SEM data was obtained at an acceleration voltage of 7 kV and a spot size of 4.0 using an Everthart Thornely (ET) detector for image collection. Elemental mapping and energy spectra were acquired and processed with AZtecEnergy software (Oxford Instruments, UK). For sample preparation, a small square piece of ruby red mica sheet (Electron Microscopy Sciences, Hatfield, PA) was mounted onto a standard SEM pin stub specimen mount (Ted Pella, Redding, CA). The grids prepared for TEM analysis were placed on top of the mica and a thin coating (3 nm) of electrically conductive material (gold) was deposited on the sample by a low vacuum sputter coater (Quorum Technology, Laughton, UK).
Aztecenergy software
Manufactured by Oxford Instruments
Sourced in United Kingdom, United States
The AZtecEnergy software is a comprehensive analytical tool developed by Oxford Instruments. It is designed to provide users with advanced data analysis capabilities for their research and development activities.
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Lab products found in correlation
Nova nanosem 450, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (3 mentions)
X max silicon drift detector, by Oxford Instruments (2 mentions)
Pycnomatic atc, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Lyra3, by TESCAN (1 mentions)
Sdd detector, by Oxford Instruments (1 mentions)
Analysette 22 microtec plus, by Fritsch (1 mentions)
X maxn, by Oxford Instruments (1 mentions)
Oxford detector, by Oxford Instruments (1 mentions)
Titan g2 80 200, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Jsm 7800flv scanning electron microscope, by JEOL (1 mentions)
Desk 2, by Denton (1 mentions)
Highscore software, by Malvern Panalytical (1 mentions)
1555 vp fesem, by Zeiss (1 mentions)
Em scd 500, by Leica (1 mentions)
Sputter coater model k575x, by Quorum Technologies (1 mentions)
Leo 1550 gemini, by Zeiss (1 mentions)
13 protocols using aztecenergy software
1
Detailed Protein Surface Analysis
2
Characterization of Pozzolanic Binders
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For BA and metakaolin, specific density and Blaine specific surface were measured. The specific density was tested using a Pycnomatic ATC (Thermo Scientific, Milan, Italy). Blaine specific surface was assessed by a Blaine device [41 ].
For the determination of pozzolanic activity of BA and metakaolin, Chapelle test was used [42 ].
Chemical composition of BA and Mefisto K05 was measured by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) using Axios sequential WD-XRF spectrometer (PANalytical, Almelo, The Netherlands).
Morphology of binder constituents was studied by scanning electron microscope (TESCAN Lyra 3, Tescan Brno, s.r.o., Brno, Czech Republic) equipped with a FEG electron source. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) was performed with the analyzer X-MaxN, SDD detector (Oxford instruments, High Wycombe, UK) and AZtecEnergy software (Oxford instruments) to determine the chemical composition.
X-ray diffraction (XRD) was performed on Bruker D8 Discoverer (Bruker AXS GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany) powder diffractometer with parafocusing Bragg–Brentano geometry at room temperature using CuKα radiation [34 (link)].
The particle size distribution was tested using an apparatus Analysette 22 Micro Tec plus (Fritsch, Idar-Oberstain, Germany) working on a laser diffraction. The device allows identification of particles having size from 0.08 μm to 2 mm.
For the determination of pozzolanic activity of BA and metakaolin, Chapelle test was used [42 ].
Chemical composition of BA and Mefisto K05 was measured by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) using Axios sequential WD-XRF spectrometer (PANalytical, Almelo, The Netherlands).
Morphology of binder constituents was studied by scanning electron microscope (TESCAN Lyra 3, Tescan Brno, s.r.o., Brno, Czech Republic) equipped with a FEG electron source. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) was performed with the analyzer X-MaxN, SDD detector (Oxford instruments, High Wycombe, UK) and AZtecEnergy software (Oxford instruments) to determine the chemical composition.
X-ray diffraction (XRD) was performed on Bruker D8 Discoverer (Bruker AXS GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany) powder diffractometer with parafocusing Bragg–Brentano geometry at room temperature using CuKα radiation [34 (link)].
The particle size distribution was tested using an apparatus Analysette 22 Micro Tec plus (Fritsch, Idar-Oberstain, Germany) working on a laser diffraction. The device allows identification of particles having size from 0.08 μm to 2 mm.
3
Elemental Composition Analysis of Metallic Nanoparticles
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To determine the elemental composition of Chem-PdNPs and Bio-PdNPs, electron dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) was used. The carrier samples were allowed to air dry and pieces on each sample were removed and mounted with adhesive carbon tape on aluminium stubs in the upright position. The EDS analysis was performed using the (AZtecEnergy) software (Oxford Instruments, UK) linked to an Oxford detector (Oxford Instruments, UK) with an 80 mm2 detection window.
4
Characterizing Material Composition via SEM-EDX
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Secondary electron images were obtained using a MIRA3 TESCAN SEM system, at 5 kV. EDX spectra acquisition and analysis was performed using an Oxford Instruments AZtecEnergy X-MaxN 80 EDX system, at 15 kV. The O:Fe ratio was calculated (within the Oxford Instruments AZtecEnergy Software) as , where Aj is the adjusted intensity of a given element.
5
Nanoparticle Characterization via Microscopy
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The morphological features of all types of nanoparticles were examined under scanning electron (Verios, XHR SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM, FEI Titan G2 80–200 Tokyo, Japan) coupled to energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS—Oxford Instruments AZtecEnergy software, USA) for elemental analysis. Nanoparticles were cleaned using absolute ethanol for any surfactants and sonicated for 5 min. A droplet of aqueous particle dispersion was allowed to evaporate on a round carbon-coated copper mesh grid (Emgrid, Australia) stabilized with the help of Dumont tweezer (ProSciTech, Australia). The samples were imaged at 200 kV under the TEM.
6
Cranial Bone Composition Analysis
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Cranial base bones were gold coated (DESK II, Denton Vacuum) then imaged using a scanning electron microscope (JSM-7800FLV Scanning Electron Microscope, JEOL USA Inc.) with a back-scattered electron (BSE) detector and an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX) for quantification of carbon, calcium, and phosphate content in bone tissues using AZtecEnergy software (Oxford Instruments).
7
Mg Degradation Surface Characterization
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The surface morphology and composition of Mg samples after 24-h immersion degradation under flow and static conditions were characterized using the scanning electron microscope (SEM, Nova NanoSEM 450, FEI Co., Hillsboro, OR, USA) with the attached detector for energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS, Nova NanoSEM 450, FEI Co., Hillsboro, OR, USA, X-Max 450). The surface elemental composition and distribution were analysed using the EDS detector and the AZtecEnergy software (Oxford Instruments, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, UK). Elemental mapping combined with SEM was used for investigating the degradation products on Mg samples after 24-h immersion degradation under flow and static conditions while EDS point analysis was used for analysing specific features in the degradation layers. The SEM and EDS analyses were carried out at an accelerating voltage of 20 kV and the SEM images were obtained at an original magnification of 500 x and 5000x. The phases of Mg after 24-h immersion study under flow and static condition were analysed using X-ray diffraction (XRD; Empyrean, PANalytical) at 45 KV and 40 mA with 2θ angles from 10° to 80° at a step size of 0.002°. The diffraction peaks were identified based on the international center for diffraction data database using HighScore software (PANAlytical).
8
Elemental Mapping via FESEM-EDX
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The back scattered electron (BSE) images were taken with a Jeol JSM-7600F Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) equipped with AZtecEnergy software from Oxford Instruments for EDX mapping. EDX mapping was performed for Ca, Si, Fe, and Al elements.
9
Microstructure and Composition of ZSr41 Alloys
10
Quantitative Analysis of Gold Nanoparticles
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Three microlitres of 2 mg ml−1 AuNP solutions were dried onto aluminium stubs and analysed with a Zeiss Supra 55VP Field Emission Gun Scanning Electron Microscope (FEGSEM) at 20 kV. EDS analysis was performed with AZtec Energy software (Oxford Instruments). The stubs alone contained undetectable levels of gold and sulphur, 4.9% carbon and 0.5% oxygen. Weight% values for gold, sulphur, carbon and oxygen in the AuNP samples were determined. The calculation of the AuNP ligand density using the sulphur : gold (S : Au) ratio is based on the assumption that each ligand on the AuNP surface carries a single S atom, while Au atoms constitute the AuNP core. The geometry of AuNPs is assumed to be spherical.
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