IND and each of the AAs were weighed and combined together at a 1:1 molar ratio, respectively. These mixtures were then dissolved in (i) ethanol and milliQ water; and (ii) acetone and milliQ water, each to give 250 mL of final solutions, respectively. The ethanol and water mixtures contained 95%, 90%, 80%, 60%, 40%, 10%, and 5% (v/v) ethanol. The acetone and water mixtures contained 85%, 70%, 55%, 45%, 30%, and 15% (v/v) of acetone. The concentration of IND–AA in the solutions varied from 1.92 mg/mL to 51.4 mg/mL (see Table 1 ), depending on the aqueous AA solubility and the solubility of IND in the organic solvent. SD was performed using a Büchi B-290 spray-dryer (Büchi Labortechnik AG, Flawil, Switzerland) equipped with an inert loop B-295 (Büchi Labortechnik AG, Flawil, Switzerland). For the ethanol-water samples, SD conditions were as follows: inlet temperature: 140 °C; outlet temperature: 90 °C; atomizing air flow rate: 667 L/h; drying air flow (nitrogen): 40 m3/h and feed flow rate: 9 mL/min. For the acetone-water samples, the inlet temperature was decreased to 135 °C and the outlet temperature was 75 °C. The outlet temperature was always maintained below the glass transition temperature of SD IND–AA mixtures.
B 290 spray dryer
Manufactured by Büchi
Sourced in Switzerland
The B-290 spray dryer is a laboratory-scale equipment used for drying liquid samples. It is designed to transform liquid feedstock into dry powder or granulate form through the process of spray drying.
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17 protocols using b 290 spray dryer
1
Spray-Drying of Indomethacin-Amino Acid Mixtures
2
Spray-drying of IND-BLG Solutions
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IND and BLG were dissolved separately in 190 mL of ethanol and
10 mL of acetic acid, respectively, and then subsequently mixed together
to obtain a 200 mL solution (final concentration 5% acetic acid).
The solid content dissolved corresponded to a total of 1000 mg of
IND and BLG (from 10:90 to 70:30 in 10% increments). After stirring
for 20 min, the solutions were spray-dried using a Büchi B-290
spray-dryer (Büchi Labortechnik AG, Flawil, Switzerland) equipped
with an inert loop B-295 (Büchi Labortechnik AG). Spray drying
conditions were: inlet temperature, 100 °C; outlet temperature,
53–58 °C; feed rate, 10 mL/min; atomization air flow rate,
473 L/h; drying air flow rate, ca. 35 m3/h.
10 mL of acetic acid, respectively, and then subsequently mixed together
to obtain a 200 mL solution (final concentration 5% acetic acid).
The solid content dissolved corresponded to a total of 1000 mg of
IND and BLG (from 10:90 to 70:30 in 10% increments). After stirring
for 20 min, the solutions were spray-dried using a Büchi B-290
spray-dryer (Büchi Labortechnik AG, Flawil, Switzerland) equipped
with an inert loop B-295 (Büchi Labortechnik AG). Spray drying
conditions were: inlet temperature, 100 °C; outlet temperature,
53–58 °C; feed rate, 10 mL/min; atomization air flow rate,
473 L/h; drying air flow rate, ca. 35 m3/h.
3
Microbial Powder Formulations for Preservation
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Example 2
Three methods are employable as follows:
- Method 1: Bacteria are harvested by centrifugation at 10,000 g and 4° C. for 10 min. The pellet is mixed with 20% MicroCel-E® synthetic calcium silicate or Sipernat® 225 synthetic amorphous silicon dioxide, 10% mannitol, maltodextrin, sorbitol, and/or skim milk powder using a coffee grinder. The wet powder is dried in a force air oven at 40° C.
- Method 2: Bacteria are harvested and re-suspended in water to a tenth of the initial (fermentation) volume. The bacterial suspension is mixed with 5% mannitol, maltodextrin, sorbitol, and/or skim milk powder and is sprayed onto MicroCel-E® or Sipernat® 225 using a Strea-1 fluid bed dryer. Inlet temperature is kept at 40° C.
- Method 3: Bacteria are harvested and re-suspended in water to a tenth of the initial (fermentation) volume. The bacterial suspension is mixed with 5% mannitol, maltodextrin, sorbitol, skim milk powder, and/or gum arabic or 3% skim milk powder and 2% gum arabic and is dried with a Buchi™ B-290 spray dryer. Inlet temperature is kept at 60° C.
4
Extraction and Spray Drying of Herbal Compounds
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WEs were prepared as described in the previous article with modifications [25 –27 (link)]. Herbs (100 g) were extracted with water at a ratio of 1 : 10 (w/v) in a ceramic container and heated for 2 hours. After filtration, the extract and wet material were separated. The extraction process was repeated using water at a ratio of 1 : 8 (w/v) and the resulting material was heated for 1 hour. The two separate extracts were combined. The mixed extracts were concentrated using a rotary evaporator to yield a creamy solution with a density of 1.05 g/cm³. An appropriate amount of maltodextrin was added. Spray dryers have fast drying speeds and good product performance. Spraying atomizes the liquid material into dispersed particles, thereby increasing its surface area. Contacting hot air facilitates the drying process very quickly. A Buchi B-290 spray dryer (Buchi, Switzerland) was used to spray dry the mixture. The inlet and outlet temperatures were set to 175–205°C and 85–95°C, respectively. The WEs were collected. During processing of the WEs, the wet residues were collected and dried at 50°C to give the HRs. Figure 1 shows the procedure for preparing WEs and HRs.
5
Cocrystallization of FAV and THP
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Attempts to cocrystallize FAV with THP were made using rotary evaporation and spray drying. Equimolar amounts (0.89 mmol) of FAV (139.70 mg) and THP (160.30 mg) were dissolved in ethanol, followed by sonication until a clear solution was obtained. Preliminary cocrystal screening was carried out using a rotary evaporator (Buchi, Germany) under a vacuum with the rotary flask being immersed in a water bath at 60 °C. The resulting product was oven-dried at 60 °C for 3 h and gently triturated to a fine powder for further analysis. For the production of inhalable FAV-TPH cocrystal formulation, the solution was spray-dried using a Büchi B-290 spray dryer with a B-296 Dehumidifier and B-295 Inert Loop (Büchi Labortechnik, Flawil, Switzerland). Nitrogen was used as the drying gas. A total of 11 formulations of FAV-THP cocrystal powder were prepared under the conditions as listed in Table 2 . The CPPs, (i.e., solute concentrations, feed rates, and compressed gas atomization flow rates) were examined, while other processing parameters were fixed: inlet temperature of 80 °C, and aspiration at approximately 35 m3/min [63 (link),66 (link)]. The resulting outlet temperature varied from 48–58 °C (Table S1 ). The final products were stored in tightly sealed collectors until further analysis.
6
Spray-Dried Colistin-Tobramycin Formulations
7
Spray Drying of Microbial Cell Paste
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Example 4
A cell paste is generated from NRRL No. B-50897 is dewatered typically by centrifugation. The cell paste is assumed to have 25% dry solids. 5% by weight of glycerol is added to the cell pellet and mixed. The viscosity of the cell pellet/glycerol mixture is sufficiently reduced to allow efficient spray drying, for example, through the addition of water (usually 1-2 parts water to 1 part cell mixture). Sodium lignosulfonate, at 5% by weight of cell pellet is added to enhance dispersibility and/or wettability following spray drying.
Additional carriers may be added to the mixture prior to spray drying to enhance cell survival. These carriers are typically sugars or sugar derivatives, including lactose, maltodextrin, or corn starch. The amount of carrier added can vary but a typical amount is 5% based on starting cell pellet weight.
The spray dryer feed is fed into the spray dryer nozzle via a peristaltic pump. Lab studies were conducted using a Buchi B-290 spray dryer. Spray dryer parameters are pump speed, atomization pressure, inlet temperature, and aspirator air flow %. Most experiments were run using the following settings: Atomization pressure (Q-flow): 35 mm; Inlet temperature: 115° C.; Aspirator air flow %: 100; Pump speed: 30%.
The spray dried powder is collected.
8
Spray-Dried Chitosan-Silica Composite
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Low-molecular-weight
chitosan (1 g) was added to a 3% w/v aqueous solution of acetic acid
(60 mL) and mixed for 30 min. The pH of the chitosan solution was
adjusted to 5.5–6 using 1 M NaOH. Aerosil R972 silica (1 g)
was first dispersed in ethanol (20 mL) and mixed for 15 min before
addition to the chitosan solution and further mixing for 30 min. The
resulting dispersion was then homogenized using a Silverson shear
mixer with homogenizer attachment for five homogenization cycles of
10 min each. The resulting suspension was spray-dried at a feed rate
of 3 mL·min–1 in a Büchi B290 spray-dryer.
The inlet temperature was set at 120 ± 2 °C and the outlet
temperature at 67 ± 3 °C.
chitosan (1 g) was added to a 3% w/v aqueous solution of acetic acid
(60 mL) and mixed for 30 min. The pH of the chitosan solution was
adjusted to 5.5–6 using 1 M NaOH. Aerosil R972 silica (1 g)
was first dispersed in ethanol (20 mL) and mixed for 15 min before
addition to the chitosan solution and further mixing for 30 min. The
resulting dispersion was then homogenized using a Silverson shear
mixer with homogenizer attachment for five homogenization cycles of
10 min each. The resulting suspension was spray-dried at a feed rate
of 3 mL·min–1 in a Büchi B290 spray-dryer.
The inlet temperature was set at 120 ± 2 °C and the outlet
temperature at 67 ± 3 °C.
9
Spray-Dried Lipid-Hybrid Particles
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The LHPs were produced by spray drying using a B-290 spray dryer (Büchi, Switzerland) with a 2.0 mm two-fluid nozzle, and the spray dryer was operated in closed-loop blowing mode with the application of a B-295 inert loop (Büchi, Switzerland). Firstly, CsA was ultrasonically dissolved in a mixture of ethanol and water with a volume ratio of 50:50 at a concentration of 2.0 mg/mL. Secondly, LEU was ultrasonically dissolved in the CsA solution to reach a concentration of 0.4 mg/mL. Thirdly, HPMC was ultrasonically dissolved in the above solution to obtain concentrations of 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6, or 2.0 mg/mL. In some cases, AB as a porogen was added at a concentration of 2.0 mg/mL under ultrasound before spray drying to minimize its decomposition. The formulations are shown in Table 1 . The parameter settings of B-290 were as follows: 170 °C inlet temperature, 20% feed pump rate, 100% aspirator rate, and 414 L/h gas flow rate.
10
Spray-Dried Bedaquiline-Leucine Formulation
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Bedaquiline fumarate (BDQ) was dissolved with or without leucine (100:0 or 85:15 BDQ:LEU) at a total solids concentration of 2.35 mg mL−1 in 80:10:10 DI water:EtOH:DMF. The solution was spray dried using a Buchi B-290 spray dryer with a high-efficiency cyclone and two-fluid nozzle (inner orifice = 0.7 mm, outer orifice = 1.5 mm). Spray drying parameters included an inlet temperature, aspirator, liquid feed rate, and N2 spray gas rate of 170 °C, 90%, 3 mL min−1, and 1744 L h−1, respectively. This resulted in an outlet temperature of 75–80 °C. Additionally, 80:20 DI water:DMF was run through the system for 60 s every 20 min. A dehumidifier was placed adjacent to the B-290 air inlet, where room temperature and relative humidity were maintained at 24–27 °C and 20–25%, respectively. The spray-dried powders were collected and stored at room temperature with desiccant.
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