α chloralose

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, France

α-chloralose is a laboratory chemical used as a general anesthetic and hypnotic agent for research purposes. It is a crystalline solid that is soluble in water and organic solvents. α-chloralose is commonly used in scientific research, particularly in animal studies, to induce a state of unconsciousness and relaxation.

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19 protocols using α chloralose

Cardiovascular Effects of L-Glutamate and Kynurenic Acid Injections in Rat RVLM

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Changes in the cardiovascular variables measured after L-glu or KYN injections into the RVLM were evaluated at the peak response. Results are expressed as mean±SE. Data were submitted to a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey post hoc test for comparisons among the strains at the level of MAP, HR, percentage of change from baseline in hindquarter, and mesenteric conductances in anesthetized rats. Significance level was set at P < 0.05.
Drugs. Halothane (Tanohalo) and sodium thiopental were obtained from Cristalia Laboratory, Itapira, SP, Brazil; α-chloralose, kynurenic acid, and L-NAME were obtained from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). The vehicle used to dissolve α-chloralose was propylene glycol (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA). kynurenic acid was prepared as previously described by Ito et al. [8 (link)] (2000). Sodium thiopental and L-NAME were dissolved in saline.

Ogihara C.A., Schoorlemmer G.H., Lazari M.D., Giannocco G., Lopes O.U., Colombari E, & Sato M.A. (2014). Swimming Exercise Changes Hemodynamic Responses Evoked by Blockade of Excitatory Amino Receptors in the Rostral Ventrolateral Medulla in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. BioMed Research International, 2014, 487129.

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Anesthesia and Surgical Preparation of Rats

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At 16 h after the last exposure to RA or CIH, the rats were anesthetized by giving them an intraperitoneal injection of α-chloralose (100 mg/kg; Sigma Chemical, St. Louis, MO) and urethane (500 mg/kg; Sigma) dissolved in a borax solution (2%; Sigma). The rats were tethered in a supine position and the neck opened along the midline; next a segment (~1 cm) of each vagus nerve was carefully isolated from the common carotid artery for later use. The trachea was then cannulated below the larynx using a short tracheal tube via a tracheotomy. A polyethylene catheter was inserted into the jugular vein and advanced until the tip was close to the right atrium; this was to allow the intravenous administration of pharmacological agents. The right femoral artery was cannulated in order to measure arterial blood pressure and heart rate. During the experiments, supplementary doses of α-chloralose (20 mg/kg/h) and urethane (100 mg/kg/h) were administered such that there were no pain reflexes on pinching the animal's tail. The body temperature of animals was maintained at about 36°C throughout the experiment by means of a servo-controlled heating blanket. The animals were sacrificed at the end of experiments by an intravenous injection of an overdose of the anesthetics.

Yang C.H., Zhuang W.L., Shen Y.J., Lai C.J, & Kou Y.R. (2016). NADPH Oxidase-Derived ROS Induced by Chronic Intermittent Hypoxia Mediates Hypersensitivity of Lung Vagal C Fibers in Rats. Frontiers in Physiology, 7, 166.

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Surgical Implantation of Bladder Catheter and Visceromotor Response Electrodes in Rats

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One day after completion of the WAS protocol and final administration of
CTX, rats received placement of an external jugular vein catheter under
isoflurane anesthesia (1.5–2%). Forty mg/mL of α-chloralose (Sigma
Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) was dissolved in 20% β-cyclodextrin (Sigma
Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) and administered intravascularly as a bolus (40
mg/kg). We chose light sedation using α-chloralose because of its
favorable profile in maintaining cerebral function intact ^{63 (link)} as compared to isoflurane ^{64 (link), 65 (link)} or urethane.^{66 (link)} Isoflurane anesthesia was maintained at 1% for 30
minutes to allow the α-chloralose to take effect. Two fine and insulated
silver wire electrodes (0.05 mm diameter, A-M Systems, Everett, WA, USA) with
exposed tips were embedded into the left abdominal external oblique muscle for
recording of the visceromotor response (VMR, 1kHz sampling rate). A PE-50
catheter was inserted into the bladder through the urethra. The bladder catheter
was connected to an infusion pump (KD Scientific) and a pressure sensor (MP150,
Biopac Systems Inc., Goleta, CA, USA) via a 3-way connector.

Holschneider D., Wang Z., Chang H., Zhang R., Gao Y., Guo Y., Mao J, & Rodriguez L. (2020). Ceftriaxone inhibits stress-induced bladder hyperalgesia and alters cerebral micturition and nociceptive circuits in the rat: A multidisciplinary approach to the study of urologic chronic pelvic pain syndrome (MAPP) research network study. Neurourology and urodynamics, 39(6), 1628-1643.

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Cardiac Function Assessment in Rats

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Rats were anaesthetized with a mixture of 800 mg/kg urethane (SIGMA, USA) and 40 mg/kg α-chloralose (SIGMA, USA). A transducer catheter (SPR-869, MILLAR INSTRUMENTS) was introduced into the left ventricle through the right carotid. Cardiac left ventricle pressure-volume (PV) loops were recorded at steady state. Measurements were calibrated by injecting a hypertonic saline bolus (30% wt/vol NaCl) to determine conductance, and relative volume units were converted absolute using the cuvette calibration method. The LV end-of-systole volume (LVESV), LV end-diastolic volume (LVEDV), LV end-systole pressure (LVESP), LV end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), ejection volume (SV), cardiac output (CO) and ejection fraction (EF) were obtained from 10–15 representative loops. Volume at pressure 0 and End-Systolic Pressure-Volume Relationship (ESPVR) were used as indicators of diastolic and systolic function, respectively. These analyses were calculated by a mathematical algorithm from a single beat obtained from pressure-volume curves according to Klotz et al.^{21 (link)} for V-0 and Takeushi et al.^{22 (link)} for ESPVR. All recordings were sampled to 1 kHz and were analyzed using LABCHART7 Pro v7.2 software (ADINSTRUMENTS)^{18 (link),19 (link),21 (link),22 (link),49 (link)}.

Lucero C.M., Andrade D.C., Toledo C., Díaz H.S., Pereyra K.V., Diaz-Jara E., Schwarz K.G., Marcus N.J., Retamal M.A., Quintanilla R.A, & Del Rio R. (2020). Cardiac remodeling and arrhythmogenesis are ameliorated by administration of Cx43 mimetic peptide Gap27 in heart failure rats. Scientific Reports, 10, 6878.

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Ovalbumin-Induced Airway Inflammation Model

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Adult male pathogen-free Brown-Norway rats (267.5 ± 3.3 g) were separated into control and sensitized groups. Sensitized rats received an initial intraperitoneal (ip) injection of a suspension containing 2 mg of Ova (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) in 1 ml of Imject Alum (Pierce Biotechnology, Rockford, IL) as adjuvant. Three days later, rats were exposed to 1.25% Ova aerosol for 15 min three times per week (M/W/F) for 3 weeks, following the protocol identical to that described in our previous study (Hsu et al., 2013 ). Control rats received an ip injection of Imject Alum and inhalation of aerosolized vehicle (isotonic saline). One day after the last Ova or saline exposure, rats were anesthetized with α-chloralose (100 mg/kg; Sigma-Aldrich) and urethane (500 mg/kg; Sigma-Aldrich), placed in a supine position and ventilated mechanically with a respirator (model 683; Harvard, South Natick, MA) via a short tracheal cannula inserted just below the larynx. Respiratory rate (f) was set at 60 breaths/min, and tidal volume (V_T) at 6–7 ml/kg. Body temperature was maintained at 36°C by a heating blanket. A polyethylene catheter was inserted into the left femoral vein for intravenous (iv) bolus injections of drugs.

Hsu C.C., Tapia R.J, & Lee L.Y. (2015). Airway extravasation induced by increasing airway temperature in ovalbumin-sensitized rats. Respiratory physiology & neurobiology, 0, 46-49.

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Citalopram Pharmacological Analysis Protocol

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Citalopram was obtained from Fako-Actavis Company (Istanbul, Turkey) and was prepared in distilled water (80 mg/mL). Urethane, α-chloralose, DPCPX, CSC, adenosine, dilazep dihydrochloride, indomethacin, EHNA, NBTI, EDTA, G- EDTA, trichloroacetic acid, potassium hydroxide, zinc sulfate, and barium hydroxide were obtained from Sigma Chemical (St. Louis, MO, USA). DMSO and chloroacetaldehyde were obtained from Aldrich Chemical. Urethane and α-chloralose were prepared as 300 mg/mL and 40 mg/mL stock solutions in distilled water, respectively. Sodium cromoglycate was prepared at a concentration of 12 mg/mL in distilled water. DPCPX was prepared as 4 mg/mL stock solution in DMSO. CSC was prepared as 6 mg/mL stock solution in DMSO. EHNA was prepared at a concentration of 10 mg/mL in DMSO. NBTI was prepared as 1 mg/mL stock solution in DMSO.

Oransay K., Hocaoglu N., Buyukdeligoz M., Tuncok Y, & Kalkan S. (2014). The role of adenosine receptors and endogenous adenosine in citalopram-induced cardiovascular toxicity. Indian Journal of Pharmacology, 46(4), 378-385.

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Neurotransmitter Modulation Techniques

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2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC), BBG, DPI, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), urethane, α-chloralose, and pontamine sky blue were produced by Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Isoflurane was from RWD Life Science (Shenzhen, China). Nelivaptan (also known as SSR149415) was purchased from Reston, VA, USA.

Cheng W., Sun Y., Wu Q., Ooi K., Feng Y., Xia C, & Zhu D. (2021). Paraventricular Nucleus P2X7 Receptors Aggravate Acute Myocardial Infarction Injury via ROS-Induced Vasopressin-V1b Activation in Rats. Neuroscience Bulletin, 37(5), 641-656.

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In Vivo Cardiovascular Monitoring in Anesthetized Mice

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Adult CD1 wild-type male mice (30–40 g) were anesthetized with a combination of urethane and α-chloralose (Sigma–Aldrich, UK), administered at an appropriate dose IP in saline. Urethane was used to minimize the effects on the cardiovascular system (Carruba et al., 1987 (link)). Following injection of the anesthetic, the mice were returned to their cage for several minutes until they lost consciousness. Body temperature was recorded immediately and continuously by rectal probe and maintained at 37 ± 0.5∘C by use of a heat lamp. Once loss of paw-withdrawal and eye-blink reflexes was achieved the trachea was intubated in order to maintain respiration. The carotid artery was cannulated with stretched PE25 tubing filled with heparinised saline. BP was recorded by a pressure transducer attached to the tubing and connected to a NeuroLog (Digitimer Ltd, Herefordshire, UK) BP amplifier. BP signals were digitized to PC with a CED Micro1401 (Cambridge Electronic Design, Cambridge, UK) using WinEDR at 5 kHz.

Feetham C.H., Nunn N, & Barrett-Jolley R. (2015). The depressor response to intracerebroventricular hypotonic saline is sensitive to TRPV4 antagonist RN1734. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 6, 83.

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Anesthetization and Surgical Preparation of Rats

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Sixteen hours after the last exposure to RA or IH, rats were anesthetized through the intraperitoneal injection of α-chloralose (100 mg/kg; Sigma-Aldrich) and urethane (500 mg/kg; Sigma-Aldrich) dissolved in a borax solution (2%; Sigma-Aldrich). Supplemental doses were administered intravenously to abolish pain reflexes. The trachea was then cannulated below the larynx using a short tracheal tube via a tracheotomy. The right jugular vein and right femoral artery were cannulated for the administration of chemicals and the measurement of arterial blood pressure (ABP), respectively. Body temperature was maintained at approximately 36°C by a servo-controlled heating blanket. The animals were sacrificed at the end of experiments through an overdose of intravenously administered anesthetic.

Huang Y.C., Yuan Z.F., Yang C.H., Shen Y.J., Lin J.Y, & Lai C.J. (2018). Estrogen Modulates the Sensitivity of Lung Vagal C Fibers in Female Rats Exposed to Intermittent Hypoxia. Frontiers in Physiology, 9, 847.

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Post-MI Anesthesia and Euthanasia Protocol

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Six to eight weeks post-MI, animals were sedated, intubated, and placed under anesthesia with isoflurane (1–2% INH). After completion of the surgical procedures, including sternotomy, anesthesia was transitioned to α-chloralose (Sigma-Aldrich; 50 mg/kg initial bolus, then 20–35 mg/kg/hr IV). Depth of anesthesia was adjusted based on hemodynamic indices, corneal reflex, and jaw tone. Arterial blood gases were monitored throughout the experiments; ventilation adjusted, or sodium bicarbonate was administered to maintain normal pH. The CardioLab System (GE Healthcare) was used to record continuous 12-lead electrocardiograms. Ventral precordial leads were placed posteriorly given sternotomy. The femoral and carotid arteries were cannulated to measure blood pressure continuously and obtain access to the left ventricle (LV) for basket catheter placement, respectively. Sheaths were placed in the femoral veins for delivery of medications and saline. Fentanyl boluses (20–30 mcg/kg) were used during sternotomy to reduce discomfort. Sodium pentobarbital (Med-Pharmex Inc.; 100 mg/kg IV) followed by saturated KCl (Sigma-Aldrich; 1–2 mg/kg IV) was used for euthanasia.

Hoang J.D., Yamakawa K., Rajendran P., Chan C.A., Yagishita D., Nakamura K., Lux R.L, & Vaseghi M. (2022). Pro-arrhythmic Effects of Sympathetic Activation Are Mitigated by Vagal Nerve Stimulation in Infarcted Hearts. JACC. Clinical electrophysiology, 8(4), 513-525.

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