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5 protocols using d u 14c glucose

1

Radiolabeled Metabolite Assay Protocol

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D-[14C(U)] glucose (300 mCi mmol−1), L-[14C(U)] phenylalanine (350 mCi mmol−1), L-[14C(U)] tyrosine (482 mCi mmol−1) and L-[side chain-3-14C] tryptophan (55 mCi mmol−1) were from American Radiolabeled Chemicals (St Louis, MO). All other chemicals were from Sigma-Aldrich ( http://www.sigmaaldrich.com) unless otherwise noted.
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2

Quantifying Glucose Incorporation into Lipids

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14C-glucose incorporation was performed as previously described (37 (link)). Differentiated sWACs were incubated for 12 h with growth medium supplemented with 0.1 µCi D[14C(U)]- glucose/ml (American Radiolabeled Chemicals, St. Louis, MO, USA). Thereafter, cells were washed 4 times with ice-cold PBS, and neutral lipids were extracted with hexane/isopropanol (3/2, v/v). Thin-layer chromatography was performed with hexane/diethylether/acetic acid (70/29/1, v/v/v) as mobile phase. Lipids were visualized with iodine vapor. Visible bands were cut out, transferred into scintillation cocktail, and incubated overnight. The incorporated radioactivity was measured by liquid scintillation counting in the Tri-Carb 2300TR (Hewlett-Packard, Palo Alto, CA, USA) or the LS6500 (Beckman Coulter, Brea, CA, USA) scintillation counter. Total glucose incorporation into each lipid class was calculated, and values were normalized to protein content.
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3

Radiolabeled Glucose and Arachidonic Acid Protocol

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D-[U-13C]glucose (99% atom 13C) was purchased from Cambridge Isotope Laboratories (Andover, MA, USA). D-[U-14C]glucose (300–360 Ci/mol, 1mCi/mL) was purchased from American Radiolabeled Chemicals (Saint Louis, MO, USA). Unlabeled ARA was purchased from Nu-Check Prep Inc. (Elysian, MN). d8-ARA was purchased from Cayman Chemical Company (Ann Arbor, MI). All other chemicals were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Mortierella alpina (ATCC 32222) was purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA, USA). Glassware and pipette tips were sterilized by autoclave. All manipulations were performed in a biosafety hood using sterile technique.
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4

Palmitic Acid Metabolism Regulation

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Type II collagenase, isoproterenol, fatty acid (FA)-free bovine serum albumin (BSA), palmitic acid, and the free glycerol determination kit were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). [1-14C] palmitic acid and D-[U-14C] glucose were purchased from American Radiolabeled Chemicals (St. Louis, MO, USA). Protease (cOmplete Ultra Tablets) and phosphatase (PhosSTOP) inhibitors were obtained from Roche Diagnostics GmbH (Mannheim, Germany). The β-actin (Cat # 4067), AMPK (Cat # 2532), pAMPKThr172 (Cat # 2535), AKT (Cat # 9272), pAKTSer473 (Cat # 9271), p38 (Cat # 9212), pp38 (Cat # 9211), hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL; Cat # 4107), and pHSLSer660 (Cat # 4126) antibodies were purchased from Cell Signalling (Danvers, MA, USA). The ACC (Cat # ab45174) and pACCSer79 (Cat # ab68191) antibodies were purchased from Abcam (Toronto, ON, Canada). ALY688 was provided by Allysta Pharmaceuticals, Belmont, CA, USA.
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5

Glucose Oxidation Measurement in Cells

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Following 3 hours of serum starvation, cells were incubated in a sealed plate with reaction media containing D-[U- 14 C] glucose (American Radiolabeled Chemicals, St. Louis, MO) (1 mCi/mL, 5.0 mM glucose) in the presence or absence of 100 nM insulin for 2 hours at 371C. Following incubation, reaction media was transferred to a modified 48-well microtiter plate with fabricated grooves between 2 adjoining wells to allow for acid-driven 14 CO 2 from media to be trapped by 1 M NaOH [13] . Incorporation of radioactive glucose into CO 2 was determined with liquid scintillation. Cells were washed with ice-cold phosphatebuffered saline and solubilized in .05% SDS to assess protein concentration.
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