N α fmoc protected amino acids

All N-α-Fmoc-protected amino acids, rink amide 4-methylbenzhydrylamine resin, coupling reagents for peptide synthesis, and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) were purchased from GL Biochem (Shanghai, China). The test strains Escherichia. coli (E. coli) ATCC25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) ATCC27853, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) ATCC25923, Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) ATCC12228, and E. coli ML-35 ATCC43827 were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA, USA). Red blood cells (RBCs) used in the experiments were extracted from healthy blood donors. Human cervix carcinoma cells (HeLa), human pancreatic carcinoma cell line MIAPaCa-2, HPAC, and BxPC-3 were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA, USA). Cholesterol (Chol), chicken egg phosphatidylcholine (Egg PC), porcine brain phosphatidylserine (Brain PS), porcine brain phosphatidylethanolamine (Brain PE), E. coli phosphatidylglycerol (E. coli PG), and porcine brain sphingomyelin (Brain SM) were purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids, Inc. (Alabaster, AL, USA). Trifluoroethanol (TFE), 1-N-phenylnaphthylamine (NPN), and o-nitrophenyl-β-d-galactoside (ONPG) were purchased from Sigma (Beijing, China). 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) and KI were purchased from Beijing Chemical Works (Beijing, China).

All N^α-Fmoc-protected amino acids were purchased from GL Biochem Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Coupling reagents, such as N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-O-(1H-benzotriazol-1-yl) uranium hexafluorophosphate (HBTU) and 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBt), as well as the Rink amide resin used, were commercially obtained by GL Biochem Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Unconventional N^α-Fmoc-amino acids, such as Fmoc-l-Hyp(tBu) and Fmoc-d-Hyp(tBu) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and Fmoc-Aic was acquired by Fluorochem. (N,N-diisopropylethylamine (DIEA), piperidine and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) were purchased from Iris-Biotech GMBH. Moreover, peptide synthesis solvents and reagents, such as N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), dichloromethane (DCM), diethyl ether (Et₂O), water and acetonitrile (MeCN) for HPLC, were reagent grade acquired from commercial sources (Sigma-Aldrich and VWR) and used without further purification. Unless otherwise stated, all the other reagents were from Carlo Erba (Milan, Italy).