Anesthesia was induced with an intramuscular injection of ketamine (10 mg/kg; Virbac, France) and dexmedetomidine (20 μg/kg; Ovion Pharma, USA) and maintained with a target-controlled infusion (TCI) (Alaris PK Syringe pump, CareFusion, CA, USA) of propofol (Panpharma Fresenius Kabi, France) using the “Paedfusor” pharmacokinetic model (monkey T: TCI, 4.6 to 4.8 μg/ml; monkey N: TCI, 4.0 to 4.2 μg/ml) (80 ). Monkeys were intubated and mechanically ventilated (Aestiva/5 MRI, General Electrics Healthcare, USA). The physiology parameters (heart rate, noninvasive blood pressure, oxygen saturation, respiratory rate, end-tidal carbon dioxide, and cutaneous temperature) were monitored (Maglife, Schiller, France) (table S2). A muscle-blocking agent (cisatracurium, 0.15 mg/kg, bolus i.v., followed by continuous intravenous infusion at a rate of 0.18 mg/kg per hour; GlaxoSmithKline, France) was used during all anesthesia fMRI sessions to avoid artifacts. The level of sedation was defined by a clinical score and continuous EEG using an MR-compatible EEG system combining a custom-built 13-channel EEG cap (EasyCap), an amplifier (BrainAmp, Brain Products), and the Vision Recorder software (Brain Products) (18 (link), 45 (link), 46 (link)).
Cisatracurium
Manufactured by GlaxoSmithKline
Sourced in France
Cisatracurium is a neuromuscular blocking agent used in clinical settings to facilitate endotracheal intubation and provide skeletal muscle relaxation during surgery or mechanical ventilation. It is a non-depolarizing muscle relaxant that acts by competitively binding to acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction, preventing muscle contraction.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Brainamp, by Brain Products (1 mentions)
Vision recorder software, by Brain Products (1 mentions)
Alaris pk syringe pump, by BD (1 mentions)
Ketamine, by Virbac (1 mentions)
Penicillin and streptomycin, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Hct116 cell line, by American Type Culture Collection (1 mentions)
Evita infinity v500, by Dräger (1 mentions)
Propofol, by B. Braun (1 mentions)
4 protocols using cisatracurium
1
Anesthesia Protocol for Primate Functional MRI
2
Cisatracurium Cytotoxicity Evaluation
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Cisatracurium (Nimbex GlaxoSmith-Kline, England); HCT116 cell line from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), United States; Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), Japan; FBS, PAA, Australia; Rowell Park Memorial Institute Medium-1640 (RPMI-1640), 50 units/mL of penicillin and streptomycin, Gibco, United States were obtained for cell culture and subsequent experiments.
3
Standardized Anesthetic Procedure for Surgical Interventions
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The patients in both arms underwent the same anesthetic procedure with drug application before surgery. Anesthesia was induced by midazolam (Jiangsu Nhwa Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Xuzhou, People’s Republic of China) 0.06 mg/kg, fentanyl (Yichang Humanwell Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Yichang, People’s Republic of China) 4 μg/kg, etomidate (German Braun Corporation, Southborough, Germany) 0.3 mg/kg, cis-atracurium (GlaxoSmithKline plc, London, UK) 0.2 mg/kg, followed by intravenous injection. Intubation was completed through video-assisted laryngoscopy. After intubation, a Datex-Ohmeda 7,100 ventilator was used to control breathing during anesthesia. All patients were supplied with 8 mL/kg tidal volume mechanical ventilation to maintain a respiratory ratio (times of inhale:times of exhale) of 1:2 and respiratory rate of 10 to 14 breaths per minute, to ensure a PETCO2 level of ~35–45 mmHg. The airway pressure was kept at less than 25 cm H2O. The anesthesia was maintained with inhalation of 1.5% to 3% sevoflurane (Jiangsu Nhwa Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.), in air mixed with 50% O2. Intermittent boluses of cis-atracurium 0.04 mg/kg and fentanyl 1 μg/kg were administered. A bispectral index of between 40 and 60 was also maintained.
4
Anesthesia Protocol for Porcine Research
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Animals were fasted overnight with free access to water. All the pigs were of male sex with a median weight of 67 kilograms. Intramuscular premedication was performed with ketamine (1.5 mg/kg, Warner Lambert, Nordic, AB Solna, Sweden) before transportation to the experiment facility. Sedation was deepened with propofol (2.5 mg/kg, B. Braun, Melsungen, Germany) via an ear vein cannula. After being placed in a supine position, animals were intubated with a 7.5-mm internal diameter endotracheal tube (ETT). Anesthesia was maintained with a continuous infusion of midazolam 5 mg/h and sufentanyl 20 μg/h. Depth of anesthesia was assessed regularly by checking on movements and hemodynamic response to a painful stimulus. Muscle paralysis was then maintained with a continuous infusion of cisatracurium (0.5 mg/kg/h) (GlaxoSmithKline, Marly-le-Roi, France) throughout the experiment. Pigs were connected to the ventilator (Dräger Evita Infinity V500, Lübeck, Germany), with the baseline settings adjusted to the following levels: VT,7 mL/kg; respiratory rate (RR), 22 breaths/min; PEEP, 5 cmH2O; fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2),100%. Automatic tube compensation (ATC) was adjusted to 100%. The ventilator settings were then adjusted to pH > 7.35 and PaCO2 between 40 and 45 mmHg.
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