The biological samples collected were sent to the Microbiology Unit of the Hospital and were inoculated on specific culture medium for Gram-negative bacteria for detection of ESBLs or carbapenemases for rectal and nasal swabs, and additional Columbia agar with 5 % sheep blood plates for clinical specimens.
Identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing were performed using the VITEK Microbial Detection System (bioMérieux, La Balme-les-Grotte, France). European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) guidelines were used for interpretation of antimicrobial susceptibility testing (2014) [18 ]. Phenotypic ESBL and KPC detection were performed both with the double-disc synergy test with ceftazidime +avibactam (Oxoid, UK) and ESBL +AMPC kit (Mastdiscs; Mast Group, UK) and KPC with boronic acid inhibition [19 (link)].
Identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing were performed using the VITEK Microbial Detection System (bioMérieux, La Balme-les-Grotte, France). European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) guidelines were used for interpretation of antimicrobial susceptibility testing (2014) [18 ]. Phenotypic ESBL and KPC detection were performed both with the double-disc synergy test with ceftazidime +avibactam (Oxoid, UK) and ESBL +AMPC kit (Mastdiscs; Mast Group, UK) and KPC with boronic acid inhibition [19 (link)].