Filament solutions of the three PAs were diluted to 500 μM before nebulization, and then 3 mL of each PA was added to the nebulizer reservoir. During nebulization, solutions were collected at 2 min time intervals over the course of 10 min from the nebulized mist and reservoir to analyze. Samples were diluted to 100 μM and placed in a UV-transparent disposable cuvettes ZEN0118 composed of polystyrene latex (Sarstedt, Germany) to then run on a Malvern ZEN3690 Zetasizer (Malvern Panalytical, Westborough, MA) at 25 °C. Since the software uses models for fitting of spherical particles and the structures in our samples are anisotropic, we used the molar scattering rate (scattering rate normalized to sample concentration, Mcounts/s/M) as a measure of assembly size.71 (link),73 (link) Three runs were collected for each sample (10 scans/measurement) and averaged. The molar scattering rates were normalized to the 0 min time point.
Zen3690 zetasizer
Manufactured by Malvern Panalytical
Sourced in United States
The ZEN3690 Zetasizer is a versatile lab equipment product from Malvern Panalytical. It is designed to measure the size, size distribution, and zeta potential of particles and molecules in a sample.
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Lab products found in correlation
Nicolet is50, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (3 mentions)
Escalab 250xi, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
S 4800ii, by Hitachi (1 mentions)
D8 advance, by Bruker (1 mentions)
Tecnai 12, by Philips (1 mentions)
Ls 55 fluorescence spectrophotometer, by PerkinElmer (1 mentions)
Cytoflex, by Beckman Coulter (1 mentions)
Lambda 35 uv visible spectrophotometer, by PerkinElmer (1 mentions)
Fts 6000 spectrometer, by Bio-Rad (1 mentions)
Fluoview fv3000 microscope, by Olympus (1 mentions)
Leo 1450vp, by Zeiss (1 mentions)
D8 advance x ray diffractometer, by Bruker (1 mentions)
7 protocols using zen3690 zetasizer
1
Nebulization and Size Analysis of PAs
2
Zeta Potential Analysis of Peptide Aggregates
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The zeta potentials of the aggregated peptides were analyzed by a Malvern ZEN3690 Zetasizer apparatus via traditional methods.
3
Facile Synthesis of Greigite Nanozyme
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Greigite nanozyme was synthesized with hydrothermal synthesis method. First, 0.82 g FeCl3•6H2O was added into 40 mL ethylene glycol, stirring at room temperature for 30 min to ensure complete dissolving of FeCl3. Then 3.6 g of NaOAc was added to the clear solution to dissolve it completely. Afterward, 0.65 g of NAC was added to the solution and again stirred thoroughly until completely dissolved. Finally, the clarified mixed solution was transferred to the reaction kettle and reacted at 200 °C for 12 h in the incubator. After natural cooling, greigite nanozyme was washed with ethanol and double distilled water respectively three times, and then lyophilized in a freeze dryer.
Morphological of greigite nanozyme was determined with a scanning electron microscope (SEM, S‐4800II, Hitachi) and transmission electron microscope (TEM, Tecnai 12, Philips). Powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the greigite nanozyme were obtained using a D8 Advance polycrystalline X‐ray diffractometer XRD (D8 Advance, Bruker AXS). X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) of greigite nanozyme was measured on an ESCALAB 250Xi X‐ray photoelectron spectrometer (ESCALAB 250Xi, Thermo Scientific) with a monochromatic Al Kα source. All XPS peaks were calibrated using C1s (284.8 eV) as the reference. Zeta potentials for greigite nanozyme suspensions were determined by a Malvern ZEN3690 Zeta sizer (Malvern, UK).
Morphological of greigite nanozyme was determined with a scanning electron microscope (SEM, S‐4800II, Hitachi) and transmission electron microscope (TEM, Tecnai 12, Philips). Powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the greigite nanozyme were obtained using a D8 Advance polycrystalline X‐ray diffractometer XRD (D8 Advance, Bruker AXS). X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) of greigite nanozyme was measured on an ESCALAB 250Xi X‐ray photoelectron spectrometer (ESCALAB 250Xi, Thermo Scientific) with a monochromatic Al Kα source. All XPS peaks were calibrated using C1s (284.8 eV) as the reference. Zeta potentials for greigite nanozyme suspensions were determined by a Malvern ZEN3690 Zeta sizer (Malvern, UK).
4
Synthesis and Characterization of PEI-Coated Gold Nanoparticles
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AuNPs were prepared by chemical reduction.10–12 (link) The solution of 25 mL 0.056% chloroauric acid (Aladdin, Shanghai, China) in a 50 mL conical bottle was added by 0.8 mL 1% branched polyethylenimine (Shyuanye, Shanghai, China) 25 kD (AuNPs-PEI) and stirred at 500 rpm continuously for 24 hours at room temperature (25 °C). When the color of the solution no longer change, the reaction is completed and the solution is filtered using a 0.2 μm microporous filter (Biofil, Guangzhou, China). The AuNPs modified by PEI were stored in the original volume of distilled water and in a refrigerator at 4 °C. We modified the preparation procedure of AuNPs-PEI, used a 30 kDa dialysis bag (MYM, Beijing, China) for dialysis to remove PEI which was not combined with AuNPs to allow minimization of PEI interference.13 (link) The size and zeta potential of the nanomedicines were measured using ZEN3690 zetasizer (Malvern, USA).
The actual amount of chloroauric acid in preparation: 0.056% g mL−1 × 25 mL = 0.014 g; the actual mass of AuNPs: mAuNPs/mchlorogold acid = 197/394, mAuNPs = 0.007 g; so we estimated the concentration of nano gold as follows: 0.007 g/25.8 mL = 2.71 × 10−4 g mL−1 ≈ 1 mM.
The actual amount of chloroauric acid in preparation: 0.056% g mL−1 × 25 mL = 0.014 g; the actual mass of AuNPs: mAuNPs/mchlorogold acid = 197/394, mAuNPs = 0.007 g; so we estimated the concentration of nano gold as follows: 0.007 g/25.8 mL = 2.71 × 10−4 g mL−1 ≈ 1 mM.
5
Characterization of Upconversion Nanoparticles
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The absorbance spectra of UCNPs, DPP, ICG, UCNPs-D, UCNPs-I, and UCNPs-DI under various conditions were measured by an ultraviolet/visible absorption spectrometer (Lambda-35 UV/visible spectrophotometer, Perkin-Elmer, MA, USA). Fluorescence spectra were determined using LS-55 fluorescence spectrophotometer (Perkin-Elmer, MA, USA). Upconversion luminescence spectra were obtained on the Ocean Insight spectrometer with Spetrasuite software (Florida, USA). The PA signal intensities were recorded by a 10 MHz, 10 mJ/cm2, 384-element ring ultrasound array, and an optical parametric oscillator (OPO) (BB-OPO-NIR, Deyang-Tech, Zhejiang, China; pump laser, Nimma-900, Beamtech, Beijing, China) with 5–10 ns pulse duration and 10 Hz pulse repetition rate was used as the light source. The TEM images of UCNPs and UCNPs-DI were captured by a high-resolution 2100F field emission transmission electron microscope (JEOL, Japan) operating at a capture acceleration voltage of 200 kV. ZEN3690 zeta sizer (Malvern, USA) was used to measure the particle size. The Bio-Rad FTS 6000 spectrometer (Bio-Rad Company, Hercules, California, USA) was used to record the FT-IR spectrum in the form of KBr particles. Flow cytometry assay was performed on CytoFLEX (Beckman Coulter, USA). Fluorescence imaging of the cells was acquired on the Olympus Fluoview FV 3000 microscope (Olympus Imaging America, Japan).
6
CpG NP Synthesis and Characterization
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CpG ODNs and PAH were utilized to assemble CpG NP via crosslinking with genipin. In brief, 2‐mg CpG ODNs and 9‐mg genipin were dissolved in 2.8‐ml Milli‑Q water and stirred for 24 h. The mixture was diluted to 14 ml, slowly dripped into 10‐ml PAH solution (Mw = 15 kDa, 0.3 mg/ml), and further stirred for 24 h. The assembled CpG NP were purified by centrifugation and washing with Milli‑Q water. Agarose gel electrophoresis was utilized to confirm the formation and stability of CpG NP. The hydrodynamic diameter and zeta potential analysis were carried out on a ZEN3690 Zetasizer (Malvern).
7
Characterization of Magnesia-based Green Biochar
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Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the as-prepared MGBs were recorded on a D8 Advance X-ray diffractometer (Bruker). Morphology and microstructure of MGBs were investigated by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM, LEO 1450VP, Zeiss). The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area was obtained using a Micromeritics ASAP 2460 system (Norcross). Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR, Nicolet IS50, Thermo Scientific) was used to identify the surface function groups of MGBs at a resolution of 4 cm À1 under ambient conditions. The surface potentials of MGBs were measured using a ZEN3690 Zetasizer (Malvern) at different pH values (1.4-11.0). High-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to determine surface elemental composition. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy was applied to detect radicals associated with biochar and MGBs using a Bruker EPR E500 spectrometer (Bruker) under ambient conditions.
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