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11 protocols using ifn λ

1

Quantification of Secreted Cytokines

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Mouse: Secreted CXCL12 (R&D systems), IFNλ (R&D systems), and IFNα (R&D systems) were measured by ELISA according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Human: Secreted CXCL12 (R&D Systems), IL-3 (R&D Systems), IL-6 (Biolegend), TNF (Biolegend), IFNλ (R&D systems), and IFNα (PBL assay science, Piscataway, NJ, USA) were measured by ELISA according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
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2

Characterization of Cell Lines and Reagents

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HEK293T, A549, HeLa, MEF, Vero, and HT1080 cells were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection. Lats1/2−/− MEF cells were provided by L. Chen (Xiamen University, China). 2fTGH and U3A cells were described previously (21 (link)). B16 melanoma cells were gifts from L. Hu (Soochow University, China). Following procedures previously described (21 (link)), we cultured all cells at 37°C under 5% CO2 in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM; HyClone) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; Gibco, Life Technologies), penicillin (100 U/ml), and streptomycin (100 μg/ml). Recombinant human IFN-ɑ was from PBL Interferon Source. Recombinant mIFNβ, human IFN-γ, and IFN-λ were purchased from R&D Systems. Recombinant Tyk2 proteins were purchased from Abcam. The CDK8 inhibitor MSC2530818 was purchased from Selleck. Non–phospho-peptide (NP-Pep) and phospho-peptide (P-Pep) were from GL Biochem (Shanghai). Recombinant glutathione S-transferase (GST)–LATS1, Flag peptides (F3290), Puromycin, and other chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. The polyclonal antibody to phosphorylated Ser62 of CDK8 was generated by GL Biochem (Shanghai).
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3

Vaginal Viral Titer Quantification

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Vaginal fluids were collected on the indicated days by pipetting a volume of 50 μL of PBS in and out of the vagina 20 times. Viral titers were measured by titration of vaginal fluids on Vero cells for 72 h in duplicate as described previously37 (link). The levels of IFN-α (eBioscience, San Diego, CA) and IFN-λ (R & D systems, Minneapolis, MN) in vaginal fluids were measured by ELISA according to manufacturer’s instructions.
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4

Monocytic Dendritic Cell Differentiation Kinetics

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Example 4

In this example monocytic dendritic precursor cells that were cultured in the presence of a adhesion blocking agent were tested for the kinetics of in vitro differentiation into dendritic cells in medium supplemented with GM-CSF alone.

Briefly, cryopreserved monocytes were resuspended at a concentration of 1×106 cells/ml in DC culture media containing X-VIVO-15® (BioWhittaker), 2% human serum albumin (Bayer), and 500 U/ml GM-CSF (Immunex). The cell suspension was transferred into a Teflon® bag (Americal Fluoroseal), and cultured for 5 days in a 6% CO2, 37° C. humidified incubator. On day 5, maturation agents (1:400 dilution of inactivated BCG (Organon-Teknika) and 500 Vlml IFNλ (R and D Systems) were added to the culture bag. The maturation event was allowed to proceed for about 18 hours. Cells were harvested daily from the bag for flow cytometric analyses of the expression of CD14 and CD1a. Data from these analyses demonstrated that the conversion from monocytes (CD14+ and CD1a) to DCs (CD14, CD1a+) started between 1 and 2 days after the start of the culture. (FIG. 5). By day 3, phenotype conversions were completed.

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5

Differentiating Monocytic Dendritic Cells

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Example 4

In this example monocytic dendritic precursor cells that were cultured in the presence of a adhesion blocking agent were tested for the kinetics of in vitro differentiation into dendritic cells in medium supplemented with GM-CSF alone.

Briefly, cryopreserved monocytes were resuspended at a concentration of 1×106 cells/ml in DC culture media containing X-VIVO-15® (BioWhittaker), 2% human serum albumin (Bayer), and 500 U/ml GM-CSF (Immunex). The cell suspension was transferred into a Teflon® bag (Americal Fluoroseal), and cultured for 5 days in a 6% CO2, 37° C. humidified incubator. On day 5, maturation agents (1:400 dilution of inactivated BCG (Organon-Teknika) and 500 Vlml IFNλ (R and D Systems) were added to the culture bag. The maturation event was allowed to proceed for about 18 hours. Cells were harvested daily from the bag for flow cytometric analyses of the expression of CD14 and CD1a. Data from these analyses demonstrated that the conversion from monocytes (CD14+ and CD1a) to DCs (CD14, CD1a+) started between 1 and 2 days after the start of the culture. (FIG. 5). By day 3, phenotype conversions were completed.

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6

Innate Immune Response to HSV Infection

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BM cells were isolated from the femurs and tibiae of mice, and single cells were prepared by passage through 70 μm cell strainers (SPL). 5 × 105 or 1 × 106 BM cells were stimulated with GFP HSV-1 or TK- HSV-2 at the indicated MOIs and cultured at 37 °C for 18 h. Levels of IFN-α, IFN-β (eBioscience), IFN-λ (R & D systems), and IL-12p40 (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA) from supernatants were measured by ELISA. Cells were collected and stained for flow cytometric analysis.
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7

Cytokine Production Quantification

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Levels of IFN-β and -λ and IL-6 production were assessed by ELISA after 24 h of cell stimulation. Separate ELISAs were performed for IFN-β (PBL), IFN-λ (R&D Biosystems), and IL-6 (eBioscience) according to the kit manufacturers’ instructions.
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8

Cytokine Quantification by ELISA

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Mouse: Secreted TNFα (Biolegend, San Diego, CA, USA), IL-10 (Biolegend), IL-1β (Biolegend), IFNλ (R&D systems), IFNβ (Biolegend) and IFNα (R&D systems) were measured by ELISA according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Human: Secreted IFNλ (R&D Systems), IFNγ (Biolegend), IL-10 (Biolegend) and TNFα (Biolegend) were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Quantification of human IL-3 (R&D Systems) was performed in combination with chemiluminescent detection (R&D Systems) for increased sensitivity. The assays were performed according to the manufacturer’s instructions and measured in a microplate reader set to luminescence mode (BMG Labtech, Ortenberg, Germany) with an integration time of 2 seconds per well, yielding a sensitivity of 3.9 pg/ml IL-3.
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9

Cytokine Quantification in BAL

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ELISAs for IL-5 (R&D), IL-13 (R&D), IFNγ (ThermoFisher), IFNβ (R&D), and IFNλ (R&D) were performed on BAL supernatants according to the manufacturers' protocols. ELISA plates were read on a model 680 microplate reader (Bio-Rad) at 450 nm.
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10

Quantifying Cytokine Production

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Levels of IFN-α, -β, and -λ and IL-6 production were assessed by ELISA after 24 h of cell stimulation. Separate ELISAs were performed for each of IFN-α (eBioscience), IFN-β (PBL), IFN-λ (R&D Biosystems), and IL-6 (eBioscience), according to the kit manufacturer’s instructions.
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