Bupivacaine

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Sweden

Bupivacaine is a local anesthetic used in medical procedures. It is a long-acting amide-type local anesthetic that blocks the generation and conduction of nerve impulses. Bupivacaine is available in various formulations for different applications.

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Lab products found in correlation

Lidocaine, by Merck Group (12 mentions) Ropivacaine, by Merck Group (8 mentions) Procaine, by Merck Group (4 mentions) Fetal bovine serum (fbs), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (4 mentions) Cell culture reagents, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (3 mentions) Dulbecco modified eagle medium (dmem), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (3 mentions) Penicillin streptomycin, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (3 mentions) Muscimol, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Levobupivacaine, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Rpmi 1640 medium, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions) Mepivacaine, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Quinolinic acid, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Metacam, by Boehringer Ingelheim (2 mentions) Prilocaine, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Glucose, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Pancreatic enzyme, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions) Fetal calf serum (fcs), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions) Penicillin, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions) Streptomycin, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions) Dulbecco s modified eagle s medium, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)

41 protocols using bupivacaine

Bupivacaine-loaded PLGA Nanoparticle Synthesis

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To produce bupivacaine for nanoparticle synthesis, the hydrochloride group in commercial bupivacaine (Sigma-Aldrich) was removed through titration using NaOH, resulting in bupivacaine soluble in organic solvents. Nanoparticles were synthesized according to the standard, single-emulsion procedure [19 (link)]. In brief, 100 mg PLGA, a copolymer of poly-lactic acid and poly-glycolic acid, 40 mg bupivacaine and 1 mg DiI, a red fluorescent dye (dialkylcarbocyanine, Invitrogen), were dissolved in 2 mL of dichloromethane (DCM). The solution was added dropwise to 4 mL 2.5% polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The emulsion was sonicated for 10 seconds on ice 3 times, poured into a beaker containing aqueous 0.3% (v/v) PVA, and stirred at room temperature for 3 hours to allow the DCM to evaporate and the particles to harden. Particles were collected by centrifugation at 18,000 rpm for 30 minutes, washed twice with water, frozen, and lyophilized. Just before lyophilization, the disaccharide, trehalose, was added to reduce aggregation of the nanoparticles. Thus, the resultant lyophilized material was a mixture of nanoparticles and sugar. Appropriate amounts of material were weighed to achieve 60 mg/ml of nanoparticles in the injectate.

Wang T., Hurwitz O., Shimada S.G., Tian D., Dai F., Zhou J., Ma C, & LaMotte R.H. (2018). Anti-nociceptive effects of bupivacaine-encapsulated PLGA nanoparticles applied to the compressed dorsal root ganglion in mice. Neuroscience letters, 668, 154-158.

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Bupivacaine's Effects on Cellular Viability

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The Bupivacaine was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, USA. DMEM/F12, fetal calf serum, and pancreatic enzyme (including or excluding) EDTA were purchased from Gibco, USA. PJ34 HCl was purchased from Selleck. Bupivacaine, 2,7-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA), dihydroethidium (DHE) dye were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, USA.

Zhao W., Liu Z., Luo J., Ma C., Lai L., Xia Z, & Xu S. (2021). The roles of PARP-1 and XPD and their potential interplay in repairing bupivacaine-induced neuron oxidative DNA damage. Aging (Albany NY), 13(3), 4274-4290.

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Vagus Nerve Stimulation and Pharmacological Interventions for Acute Lung Injury

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Rabbits in the control group were injected intratracheally with saline of 2.8 ml/kg at 30 min after surgery through a cannula. HCl-induced ALI model was established by intratracheal injection of HCl (pH 1.5) of 2.8 ml/kg. In the VNS group, animals received constant voltage stimuli (5 V, 2 ms, and 1 Hz, Electrical stimulator, RM6240, Chengdu, China) to the right cervical vagus for 15 min after HCl aspiration. In the THA group, rabbits were injected intravenously with THA (3 mg/kg) after HCl aspiration. In the SGB group, 0.25% bupivacaine (Sigma, Taufkirchen, Germany) was continuously administered (0.5 ml/h) after a bolus injection of 5 ml through the catheter during the experiment. All of these three treatments were performed immediately after the ALI model constructed.

Liu Y., Tao T., Li W, & Bo Y. (2017). Regulating autonomic nervous system homeostasis improves pulmonary function in rabbits with acute lung injury. BMC Pulmonary Medicine, 17, 98.

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Preparation and Dilution of Pharmacological Agents

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The local anesthetic agents lidocaine, bupivacaine, benzocaine, and procaine and the chemotherapeutic agents carboplatin and paclitaxel were purchased as salts from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). The sodium channel inhibitors zonisamide and rufinamide were purchased as salts from Selleck Chemicals (Houston, TX, USA).
Stock solutions of all drugs were prepared by dissolving the drugs in sterile water, except for the stock solutions of benzocaine and paclitaxel, which were prepared by dissolving the drugs in ethanol. The stock solutions were aliquoted and stored at −20 °C. The stock solution concentrations were based on the manufacturer stated limits of solubility of the compounds. Immediately prior to use, final test concentrations were achieved by making a serial dilution of stock solutions with standard growth medium.

Brummelhuis I.S., Fiascone S.J., Hasselblatt K.T., Frendl G, & Elias K.M. (2021). Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels as Potential Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets for Epithelial Ovarian Cancer. Cancers, 13(21), 5437.

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Patch-Clamp Analysis of Local Anesthetics

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Trypsin, FBS, penicillin, streptomycin, and DMEM were all obtained from Gibco Invitrogen Corp. (USA). Bupivacaine, ropivacaine, and lidocaine were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (USA). The Tyrode’s solution comprised the following: NaCl, 137mM; KCl, 5.4mM, MgCl₂, 1.8mM; HEPES, 10mM; and glucose, 10mM; pH was maintained at 7.4 with NaOH. The pipette solution comprised the following: MgCl₂, 1.15mM; potassium gluconate, 144mM; and CaCl₂, 0.25mM/0.5mM/1.0mM); pH was maintained at 7.2 with KOH.

Chen H., Jin Z., Xia F, & Fu Z. (2021). Bupivacaine inhibits a small conductance calcium‐activated potassium type 2 channel in human embryonic kidney 293 cells. BMC Pharmacology & Toxicology, 22, 15.

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Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Culture

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HepG2 and BEL-7402 hepatocellular carcinoma cells were obtained from the Chinese Type Culture Collection (China). Cells were routinely cultured in high glucose in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium supplemented with 10% (v/v) fetal bovine serum (Invitrogen, USA) and maintained at 37 °C in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2 plus 95% air. Lidocaine, ropivacaine, bupivacaine, 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (DAC, a demethylation agent as a positive control) and cis-diammineplatinum dichloride (cisplatin) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (USA).

Chen D., Yan Y., Xie J., Pan J., Chen Y., Li Q., Yuan Y., Zeng W, & Xing W. (2020). Amide-type local anesthetics may suppress tumor cell proliferation and sensitize Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells to Cisplatin via upregulation of RASSF1A expression and demethylation. Journal of Cancer, 11(24), 7312-7319.

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Comparative study of local anesthetic effects

Cited 3 times

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Lidocaine, bupivacaine, and other chemicals were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Oakville, Ontario, Canada), unless otherwise stated. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was purchased from InvivoGen (San Diego, CA). All cell culture reagents were purchased from Life Technologies (Carlsbad, CA), unless otherwise stated. For comparative purposes, LA and LPS concentrations were selected based on previous in vitro studies performed by our group and others.^{6 (link), 7 (link), 15 (link), 18 (link)-23 (link)}.

Gray A., Marrero-Berrios I., Weinberg J., Manchikalapati D., SchianodiCola J., Schloss R.S, & Yarmush J. (2016). The Effect of Local Anesthetic on Pro-inflammatory Macrophage Modulation by Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. International immunopharmacology, 33, 48-54.

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Bupivacaine Concentration Simulation

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Bupivacaine was purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA), and it was used at the final concentration of 1 μg/mL, 5 μg/mL or 10 μg/mL to simulate clinical condition.

Ju C., Zhou J., Miao H., Chen X, & Zhang Q. (2020). Bupivacaine suppresses the progression of gastric cancer through regulating circ_0000376/miR-145-5p axis. BMC Anesthesiology, 20, 275.

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Comparative Anesthetic Compound Evaluation

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Bupivacaine, lidocaine and ropivacaine were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). LevoBupivacaine was purchased from Abbott Laboratories Services Corp, Taiwan Branch (Taiwan). All other reagents used were of reagent grade.

Chan S.M., Lin B.F., Wong C.S., Chuang W.T., Chou Y.T, & Wu Z.F. (2017). Levobuipivacaine-Induced Dissemination of A549 Lung Cancer Cells. Scientific Reports, 7, 8646.

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Pharmacological Evaluation of Anxiety Behaviors

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Venlafaxine¹ (3.0 mg/kg, i.p., t = −30 min) was purchased from Tocris Bioscience, UK. FG7142² (5.0 mg/kg, i.p., t = −30 min), ketamine¹ (1.0, 3.0 mg/kg i.p., t = −60min, or 1μg/μl i.c. t = −5 min), muscimol (0.1μg/μl i.c., t = −5 min) and bupivacaine (0.75% w/v i.c., t = −5 min) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich, UK. Rimonabant² (10.0 mg/kg, i.p., t = −30 min) was kindly provided by Pfizer Ltd. Drugs for i.p. injection were dissolved in either 0.9% sterile saline¹ or a DMSO mix (10% DMSO, 20% cremophor, 80% saline)² in a dose volume of 1 ml/kg. Drugs for i.c. infusion were dissolved in 0.1M PBS.

Stuart S.A., Butler P., Munafò M.R., Nutt D.J, & Robinson E.S. (2015). Distinct Neuropsychological Mechanisms May Explain Delayed- Versus Rapid-Onset Antidepressant Efficacy. Neuropsychopharmacology, 40(9), 2165-2174.

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