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62 protocols using anti cd11c microbeads

1

Isolation of Colonic Dendritic Cells

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Colonic DCs were collected as described previously.34 (link) Briefly, the intestinal mucosa was washed in PBS to remove feces, placed in Hank’s balanced salt solution (HBSS) containing 5 mM EDTA, and incubated for 20 min with shaking. The tissue was cut into small pieces that were incubated in RPMI 1640 medium containing 4% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 1 mg/mL collagenase D (Roche Life Science, Mannheim, Germany), 0.5 mg/mL dispase (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA), and 50 μg/mL DNase I (Roche Life Science) for 50 min in a 37°C shaking water bath. Digested tissues were then resuspended in HBSS containing 5 mM EDTA and passed through a 40-μm cell strainer. Anti-CD11c MicroBeads (100 μL; Miltenyi Biotec, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany) were mixed with the cell pellet after it was resuspended in 500 μL buffer. The cell and microbead mixture was incubated for 15 min at 4°C, and then the cells were processed using the AutoMACS Pro separator (Miltenyi Biotec) according to the manufacturer’s protocol.
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2

Isolation and Purification of Tumor-associated Immune Cells

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Subcutaneous, orthotopic or MMTV-PyMT tumours were excised, cut in small pieces, treated with 10 U ml−1 collagenase I, 400 U ml−1 collagenase IV and 30 U ml−1 DNaseI (Worthington) for 30 min at 37 °C, squashed and filtered. Red blood cells were removed using erythrocyte lysis buffer and density gradients (Axis-Shield) were used to remove debris and dead cells.
Tumour-draining LNs were cut, dissociated with 10 U ml−1 collagenase I, 400 U ml−1 collagenase IV and 30 U mL−1 DNaseI (Worthington) for 45 min at 37 °C and filtered.
Spleens were flushed with 200 U ml−1 collagenase III (Worthington) and left for 30 min at 37 °C. Afterwards, spleens were filtered and red blood cells were removed using erythrocyte lysis buffer.
To purify DC subpopulations from tumour, spleen or LNs, CD11c+ cells were MACS-enriched (anti-CD11c microbeads; Miltenyi) and sorted using BD FACSAria II (BD Biosciences) according to the gating strategy in Fig. 1a, Supplementary Fig. 6A or Supplementary Fig. 8A, respectively.
Bone marrow leukocytes were isolated through flushing of tibia and femur. The obtained cell suspensions were filtered, and red blood cells were removed using erythrocyte lysis buffer. To purify bone marrow monocytes, CD11b+ cells were MACS-enriched (anti-CD11b microbeads; Miltenyi) before sorting.
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3

Isolation of CD8+ OT-I T Cells

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CD8+ OT-I cells were isolated from OT-I TCR transgenic mice, which produce MHC class I-restricted, ovalbumin (OVA)-specific CD8+ T cells31 (link). The spleens were collected under sterile conditions, smashed and filtered by using gravity-driven 70 µm cell strainers to obtain single cell suspensions. We depleted CD11c+ cells with anti-CD11c microbeads (Miltenyi Biotech) and an autoMACS Pro separator apparatus. Subsequently, we positively selected CD8+ T cells using anti-CD8 microbeads (Miltenyi Biotech). CD8+ T cells were maintained in RPMI medium complemented with FBS, L-glutamine and penicillin-streptomycin, non-essential amino acid solution (Sigma), sodium pyruvate (1 mM, Gibco) and 2-mercaptoethanol (25 µM, Gibco).
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4

Differentiation of Immune Cell Types

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Human THP-1 cells (ATCC® TIB-202TM) were differentiated to macrophages (THP-1 macrophages) with 60 nM phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA; Sigma) for 16 h, and cells were cultured for an additional 48 h without PMA. Human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDC) were isolated by stimulating isolated monocytes with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF, 1000 U/ml) and IL-4 (250 U/ml) and maintained in RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated FCS and 1% penicillin–streptomycin (Invitrogen-Gibco)35 (link),56 (link),57 (link). Bone marrow cells were isolated from the tibia and femur and cultured in RPMI1640 medium with 10% FBS, 1% penicillin–streptomycin, and 10% L929 conditioned media containing macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) for 6 days, 25 ng/ml murine GM-CSF for 6–8 days to harvest BMDM or BMDC, respectively34 (link),35 (link). For IFN-α treatment, human primary plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) and myeloid dendritic cells (mDC) were isolated35 (link),58 (link) and treated with IFN-α (100 U/ml) for 2 h. Mouse splenic CD11c + DCs were isolated from spleen of WT and PARP9 KO mice without or with VSV infection for 1 day using anti-CD11c microbeads (Miltenyi Biotec)34 (link).
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5

Developing Th17 Cells with DCs and TLR Ligands

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Mouse DCs were generated with the B16-Flt3L injection strategy (39 (link)) (B16-Flt3L was kindly provided by Dr. John T. Harty at University of Iowa). CD11c+ cells were isolated from the spleen cells of tumor-bearing mice using anti-CD11c microbeads (Miltenyi Biotec). The purity and activation status of DCs were determined by expression of CD11c, CD86, and MHC-class II. For Th17 differentiation with DCs, mouse naïve CD4+ T cells were cultured with DCs at a ratio of 10:1 with 1 μg/ml soluble anti-CD3 antibody and Th17 polarization condition medium, in the presence or absence of various TLR ligands for 6 days. In some experiments, DCs were pretreated with/without various TLR ligands for 1 day, and then co-cultured with CD4+ T cells to generate Th17 cells, or DCs were separated with CD4+ T cells by a transwell insert (0.4 um) in the Transwell systerm, as we described before (5 (link), 21 (link), 23 (link)).
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6

Generating M2-specific CD8 T cells

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M282-specific memory CD8 T cells were induced using a DC-LM prime-boost immunization regimen as previously described.22 (link) Briefly, LPS-matured DCs were pulsed with M282–90 peptide and sorted via positive selection with anti-CD11c microbeads (Miltenyi Biotec, Auburn, CA). Naive BALB/c mice were primed with 5 × 105 DC-M282 intravenously (i.v.) and boosted 7 days later i.v. with 5 × 106 recombinant actA-deficient LM expressing the M282–90 epitope.
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7

CD4+ Dendritic Cell RNA-Seq Analysis

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Spleens were taken one hour after saline or SRBC immunization. CD4+ DCs were pre-enriched using MACS manual cell separation columns with anti-CD11c microbeads (Miltenyi Biotec) and further sorted based on surface markers of CD11c+I-Ab+CD4+CD8-. Cells were sorted twice on a FACSAira III to purities of over 99%. Sorted DCs (106) were snap frozen and then RNA was extracted with the QIAGEN RNeasy Kit. RNA quality was checked with the Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer (RNA integrity number >9 for all samples). Barcoded sequencing libraries were generated with 100 ng of RNA with the Ovation RNA-Seq System V2 and Encore Rapid Library System. Sequencing was performed on an Illumina HiSeq 2500 (UCSF Human Genetics Core) with 100-bp paired-end reads. Sequences were reported as FASTQ files, which were aligned to the mm9 mouse genome with STAR (Spliced Transcript Alignment to a Reference). Generation of Log2FC values and further analyses were performed with a Bioconductor package on RStudio. The RNAseq data have been deposited in the Gene Expression Omnibus (NCBI) data repository under accession code GEO: GSE71165.
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8

CD4+ Dendritic Cell RNA-Seq Analysis

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Spleens were taken one hour after saline or SRBC immunization. CD4+ DCs were pre-enriched using MACS manual cell separation columns with anti-CD11c microbeads (Miltenyi Biotec) and further sorted based on surface markers of CD11c+I-Ab+CD4+CD8-. Cells were sorted twice on a FACSAira III to purities of over 99%. Sorted DCs (106) were snap frozen and then RNA was extracted with the QIAGEN RNeasy Kit. RNA quality was checked with the Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer (RNA integrity number >9 for all samples). Barcoded sequencing libraries were generated with 100 ng of RNA with the Ovation RNA-Seq System V2 and Encore Rapid Library System. Sequencing was performed on an Illumina HiSeq 2500 (UCSF Human Genetics Core) with 100-bp paired-end reads. Sequences were reported as FASTQ files, which were aligned to the mm9 mouse genome with STAR (Spliced Transcript Alignment to a Reference). Generation of Log2FC values and further analyses were performed with a Bioconductor package on RStudio. The RNAseq data have been deposited in the Gene Expression Omnibus (NCBI) data repository under accession code GEO: GSE71165.
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9

Dendritic Cell Priming and Boosting Strategies

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DC priming and various boosting strategies were adapted from52 (link). Briefly, LPS-matured FMS-like tyrosine kinase-3 ligand (Flt-3L)-induced splenic DCs digested with collagenase/DNase were incubated for 2 h at 37 °C with 2 μM OVA(257–264) or GP33(33–41) peptide. CD11c+ cells were enriched using anti-CD11c Microbeads (Miltenyi Biotec) and ~5 × 105 peptide-coated DCs were intravenously (IV) injected into mice. Seven days later, mice were boosted IV with 1 × 107 CFU of recombinant attenuated (ActA−/−) Listeria monocytogenes expressing OVA (rLM-OVA) or GP33 (rLM-GP33), 2 × 106 PFU vaccinia virus expressing OVA (VACV-OVA), or 30 × 106 OVA(257–264) coated splenocytes. For boosting with peptide-coated splenocytes, single-cell suspensions of spleen cells from C57BL/6 mice were incubated with OVA(257–264) for 1 h at 37 °C in medium with fetal calf serum followed by several washes prior to determining cell number for cell transfer.
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10

Investigating Prevotella-induced Cytokine Response

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Bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) were obtained as previously described [30 (link)]. Briefly, bone marrow cells were isolated from 6- to 8-week-old C57BL/6 mice and cultured for 9 days with 20 ng/mL recombinant murine GM-CSF (PeproTech). Cells were purified by positive selection [26 (link)] using anti-CD11c microbeads (Miltenyi Biotec). The dendritic cell (DC) phenotype was controlled by flow cytometry. The cytokine response to Prevotella was assessed in 1 × 105 BMDCs incubated with LPS (10 ng/mL, Sigma) as a positive control, PBS as a negative control, or heat-killed (30 min at 60°C) Prevotella (1 × 107 cfu/well) for 24 h [15 (link)]. To compare the efficacy of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), the BMDC medium was supplemented with inhibitors of TLR2 [31 (link)] (C29, MCE, 50 μM) or TLR4 [32 (link)] (TAK-242, MCE, 100 nM). For all experiments, TLR inhibitors were added to the cells just prior to stimulation.
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