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Espion e2 system

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The Espion E2 system is a lab equipment product designed for electroretinography (ERG) testing. It is used to measure the electrical responses of the retina to light stimuli. The Espion E2 system provides the necessary hardware and software to capture and analyze these retinal responses.

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Lab products found in correlation

Originpro 9, by OriginLab (3 mentions) Micron 3 retinal imaging microscope, by Phoenix Pharmaceuticals (1 mentions) Proparacaine hydrochloride, by Alcon (1 mentions) Tropicamide, by Alcon (1 mentions) Proparacaine, by Alcon (1 mentions) Phenylephrine, by Alcon (1 mentions) Matlab, by MathWorks (1 mentions) Espion e3, by Diagnosys (1 mentions) Prism 8, by GraphPad (1 mentions) Cirrus machine, by Zeiss (1 mentions) Espion software, by Diagnosys (1 mentions)

38 protocols using espion e2 system

1

Light-Adapted Flicker ERG Protocol

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All testing was performed in the Visual Electrophysiology Unit at SickKids. ERGs were performed according to standards of the International Society for Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision21 (link) using Ganzfeld illumination with the Espion E2 System (Diagnosys LLC, Lowell, MA) or the LKC Utas 3000 (LKC Technologies, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD). Children were sedated with oral chloral hydrate (80 mg/kg of body weight; maximum single dose of 1 g). Pupil dilation was achieved with 1% cyclopentolate and 2.5% phenylephrine. Bipolar Burian-Allen electrodes (Hansen Ophthalmic Development Laboratory, Iowa City, IA) were used to record ERGs. The ERG response evaluated for the current study was the light-adapted 2.29 flicker ERG (LA 2.29 flicker): a 2.29 candela/s/m2 light flickering at 30 Hz on a 30 candela/s background luminance. For the purpose of this study, the LA 2.29 flicker amplitude was taken as the average of right and left eye responses.
Westall C.A., Wright T., Cortese F., Kumarappah A., Snead OC I.I.I, & Buncic J.R. (2014). Vigabatrin retinal toxicity in children with infantile spasms: An observational cohort study. Neurology, 83(24), 2262-2268.
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2

Electroretinography in Pparβ/δ Mice

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ERGs were recorded using the Espion E2 system (Diagnosys LLC) as described previously [56 (link)]. Briefly, 14-16-mo-old Pparβ/δ+/+ and PPARβ/δ−/− mice were dark-adapted for four hours and anesthetized by an i.p. injection of a ketamine/xylazine mixture (85/10 mg/kg). Pupils were dilated with 1% cyclopentolate-HCl and 2.5% phenylephrine, and the mouse body temperature was maintained at 37°C using a water-based warming pad. ERG responses under dark-adapted (“scotopic”) conditions were evoked by a series of nine flashes ranging from 0.0001 cd·s/m2 to 100 cd·s/m2. For flashes up to 0.1 cd·s/m2, responses of 10 trials were averaged. For 0.5 and 1 cd·s/m2 flash responses, three trials were averaged. For brighter stimuli, responses to single flashes were recorded without averaging. Light-adapted (“photopic”) ERGs were evoked by a series of six flashes ranging from 0.2 cd·s/m2 to 2,000 cd·s/m2 whereas rod inputs were suppressed with a steady background illumination of 50 cd/m2. Up to 10 trials were averaged for all flash responses. Analysis of a- and b-wave amplitudes was performed as described [56 (link)].
Choudhary M., Ding J.D., Qi X., Boulton M.E., Yao P.L., Peters J.M, & Malek G. (2016). PPARβ/δ selectively regulates phenotypic features of age-related macular degeneration. Aging (Albany NY), 8(9), 1952-1971.
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3

Evaluating Retinal Function with ERG

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Recording of the full-field ERG was performed using an Espion E2 system (Diagnosys LLC, Lowell, MA, USA) after 20 minutes of dark adaptation. Both the implanted and the fellow non-implanted control eye were recorded simultaneously. The retinal responses to various light flash luminance levels (0.01–10 cd.m−2) were recorded, however, only the combined rod-cone maximal ERG response (10 cd.m−2) was reported here as this ERG response provides information on the functional integrity of both the outer retina photoreceptors (a-wave) and mid retina bipolar cells (b-wave) [35] (link). The ERG responses before and after chronic electrical stimulation were compared.
Nayagam D.A., Williams R.A., Allen P.J., Shivdasani M.N., Luu C.D., Salinas-LaRosa C.M., Finch S., Ayton L.N., Saunders A.L., McPhedran M., McGowan C., Villalobos J., Fallon J.B., Wise A.K., Yeoh J., Xu J., Feng H., Millard R., McWade M., Thien P.C., Williams C.E, & Shepherd R.K. (2014). Chronic Electrical Stimulation with a Suprachoroidal Retinal Prosthesis: A Preclinical Safety and Efficacy Study. PLoS ONE, 9(5), e97182.
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4

Scotopic Electroretinography in Mice

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Electroretinography was performed as previously described.13 (link) Briefly, mice were dark adapted overnight; pupils were dilated with 0.5% tropicamide and 1.25% phenylephrine, and mice were anesthetized with a mixture of ketamine (100 mg/kg) and xylazine (10 mg/kg). Scotopic ERGs were recorded using an Espion E2 system (Diagnosys LLC, Lowell, MA, USA) at increasing flash intensities. The data points from the b-wave stimulus-response curves were fitted using the least-square fitting procedure (OriginPro 9.0; OriginLab, Northampton, MA, USA).
Toomey C.B., Landowski M., Klingeborn M., Kelly U., Deans J., Dong H., Harrabi O., Van Blarcom T., Yeung Y.A., Grishanin R., Lin J.C., Saban D.R, & Bowes Rickman C. (2018). Effect of Anti-C5a Therapy in a Murine Model of Early/Intermediate Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 59(2), 662-673.
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5

Retinal Electrophysiology in Mice

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Retinal function was evaluated by recording of dark-and light-adapted ERG with
the Espion E2 System (Diagnosys LLC, Lowell, MA). Mice were dark adapted overnight and all
procedures were performed under dim red light. Only mice in which the ocular media was
clear (absent of cataract or corneal opacity) as determined by fundus examination were
subjected to ERG analysis. The mouse eyes were carefully examined to ensure they were
clear and free of vitreous infiltrates so as not to interfere with the accuracy of the ERG
recordings. All of the mice were anesthetized and their pupils dilated as described above.
For the ERG recordings, electrodes were placed on the center of the cornea. Reference and
ground electrodes were attached to the mouth and placed subcutaneously in the posterior
neck-back region respectively. The a-wave amplitude was measured from the baseline to the
trough of the a-wave and b-wave amplitude was measured from the trough of the a-wave to
the peak of the b-wave.
Kielczewski J.L., Horai R., Jittayasothorn Y., Chan C.C, & Caspi R.R. (2015). Tertiary lymphoid tissue forms in retinas of mice with spontaneous autoimmune uveitis and has consequences on visual function. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950), 196(3), 1013-1025.
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6

Electrophysiological Assessment of Mouse Vision

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ERG was measured as previously described (6 (link)). Briefly, pupils of dark-adapted mice were dilated with 0.5% tropicamide and 1.25% phenylephrine. and mice were then anesthetized with a mixture of ketamine/xylazine. Scotopic and photopic responses were recorded using an Espion E2 system (Diagnosys) with increasing flash intensities (scotopic: from 2.5 × 10−5 to 500 cd·s/m2; photopic: from 5 to 500 cd·s/m2 with a background light of 25.5 cd·s/m2 intensity). Recordings of single flash presentations were measured 1–15 times to verify the response reliability and improve the signal-to-noise ratio, if required.
Yu C., Lad E.M., Mathew R., Littleton S., Chen Y., Schlepckow K., Degan S., Chew L., Amason J., Kalnitsky J., Rickman C.B., Proia A.D., Colonna M., Haass C, & Saban D.R. (2023). Microglia at Sites of Atrophy Restrict the Progression of Retinal Degeneration via Galectin-3 and Trem2 Interactions. bioRxiv.
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7

Electroretinogram Recordings in Aged ApoB100 Mice

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ERGs were recorded using the Espion E2 system (Diagnosys LLC) as described previously33 (link). Briefly, 8–12-month old (n=5) and 17–21 month old (n=5) apoB100 mice were dark-adapted for four hours and anesthetized by an intra-peritoneal injection of a ketamine/xylazine mixture (85/10 mg/kg). Pupils were dilated with 1% cyclopentolate-HCl and 2.5% phenylephrine, and the mouse body temperature was maintained at 37 °C using a water-based warming pad. ERG responses under dark-adapted (scotopic) conditions were evoked by a series of nine flashes ranging from 0.0001 cd·s/m2 to 100 cd·s/m2. For flashes up to 0.1 cd·s/m2, responses of 10 trials were averaged. For 0.5 and 1 cd·s/m2 flash responses, three trials were averaged. For brighter stimuli, responses to single flashes were recorded without averaging. Light-adapted (photopic) ERGs were evoked by a series of six flashes ranging from 0.2 cd·s/m2 to 2,000 cd·s/m2 where rod inputs were suppressed with a steady background illumination of 50 cd/m2. Up to 10 trials were averaged for all flash responses. Analysis of a- and b-wave amplitudes was performed as previously described33 (link). For c-waves, flash response (5 cd·s/m2 to 100 cd·s/m2) were recorded for 7 seconds (8–12 month old, n=12; 17–21 month old, n=5).
Berger A., Rosenthal D, & Spiegel S. (1995). Sphingosylphosphocholine, a signaling molecule which accumulates in Niemann-Pick disease type A, stimulates DNA-binding activity of the transcription activator protein AP-1.. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 92(13), 5885-5889.
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8

Full-field ERG responses in Rs1KO mice

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Full-field ERG responses were recorded from dark-adapted Rs1KO mice two months post-AAV injection using Espion E2 system (Diagnosys LLC, Lowell, MA, USA) [38 (link),39 (link)]. ERGs were recorded simultaneously from both eyes at bandwidth of 0.1 to 500 Hz. Dark-adapted ERGs were evoked by white flashes (−5.8 to 2.7 log scotopic cd-s/m2). A-wave amplitudes were measured from baseline to trough, and the b-waves were measured from the a-wave trough to the peak.
Zeng Y., Gao S., Li Y., Marangoni D., De Silva T., Wong W.T., Chew E.Y., Sun X., Li T., Sieving P.A, & Qian H. (2024). OCT Intensity of the Region between Outer Retina Band 2 and Band 3 as a Biomarker for Retinal Degeneration and Therapy. Bioengineering, 11(5), 449.
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9

Electroretinography for Rodent Vision

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ERG was recorded and analyzed as suggested in previously published protocols39 (link). Briefly, mice were dark-adapted overnight, and eyes were dilated with 1% tropicamide under dim red light. Genteal gel was applied to each eye, and recordings were made using gold electrodes that were placed on the cornea. The reference electrode was inserted subcutaneously behind the head, and the ground electrode in the tail. ERG was collected using an Espion E2 system (Diagnosys), and mice body temperature was maintained at 37 °C during the experiment38 (link). The light stimulus proceeded with 0.1, 1, 2.25, 4, and 10 cd*s/m2 white light under dim light with 10 s intervals and each stimulus was recorded five times for rod cells and bipolar cells response. Next, mice were light adapted with 10 cd*s/m2 white light for 5 min, then proceed with 2.25 cd*s/m2 for cone cells response.
Wang K., Zheng M., Lester K.L, & Han Z. (2019). Light-induced Nrf2−/− mice as atrophic age-related macular degeneration model and treatment with nanoceria laden injectable hydrogel. Scientific Reports, 9, 14573.
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10

Dark-Adapted Scotopic ERG Analysis

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ERG was performed on mice following 4 h of dark adaption. Pupils were dilated with 0.5% tropicamide and 1.25% phenylephrine then mice were anesthetized with a combined mixture of ketamine (100 mg/kg) and xylazine (10 mg/kg). Scotopic ERGs were recorded using an Espion E2 system (Diagnosys), at increasing flash intensities, as described previously (83 (link)). Flash responses were smoothed using a low-pass noise-filtering script before analysis. The amplitude heights of the A-wave and B-wave for each ERG flash response were calculated and fitted using a previously published equation (83 (link)) in OriginPro 9.0 (OriginLab), as previously described (31 (link), 42 (link), 44 (link), 47 (link)). Bmax1 and Bmax2 values were calculated as described (31 (link)).
Landowski M., Kelly U., Klingeborn M., Groelle M., Ding J.D., Grigsby D, & Bowes Rickman C. (2019). Human complement factor H Y402H polymorphism causes an age-related macular degeneration phenotype and lipoprotein dysregulation in mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 116(9), 3703-3711.
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