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19 protocols using f0165

1

Rat Spatial Learning and Memory

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Sixteen male Long–Evans rats (Rattus norvegicus; Harlan, Indianapolis, IN; 73 days old and 295 g on average, at the start of the experiment) were individually housed with light onset and offset in the colony at 7 a.m. and 7 p.m. EST, respectively. Two rats were excluded from testing with delays (one rat learned to escape the maze and another failed to visit pellet locations during initial stages of training); therefore, we report data from fourteen rats. The rats received 45-mg chow and chocolate pellets (F0165 and F0299, respectively; Bio-Serv, Frenchtown, NJ) during experimental sessions and 15 g/day of 5012-Rat-Diet (PMI Nutrition International, St. Louis, MO) after completing each session. Water was available ad lib, except when the rat was in the maze. All procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at Indiana University Bloomington (protocol 13-012) and followed national guidelines.
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2

Operant Conditioning Chamber for Rodent Studies

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Animals were trained in eight identical conditioning chambers (40 cm wide x 30 cm deep x 35 cm high, Imetronic, France), each located inside a sound and light-attenuating wooden chamber (74 × 46×50 cm). Each chamber had a ventilation fan producing a background noise of 55 dB and four LEDs on the ceiling for illumination of chamber. Each chamber had two opaque panels on the right and left sides, two clear Perspex walls on the back and front sides and a stainless-steel grid floor (rod diameter: 0.5 cm; inter-rod distance: 1.5 cm). In the middle of the left wall, a magazine (6 × 4.5×4.5 cm) received either grain or sucrose pellets (45 mg, F0165 and F0023, Bio Serv, NJ, USA) from dispensers located outside the operant chamber. The magazine was equipped with infra-red cells to detect the animal’s visits. Two retractable levers (4 × 1×2 cm) could be inserted on the left and right of the magazine. Activation of either the left or the right lever produced the delivery of the associated outcome, as a function of the current procedure (i.e. FR1, RR5, RR10 or RR20, see below). A computer connected to the operant chambers and equipped with POLY software and interface (Imetronic, France) controlled the equipment and recorded the data.
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3

Spatial Navigation in Male Rats

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Six male Long-Evans rats (Rattus norvengicus; Envigo, Indianapolis, IN; 49 days old and 225 g on average, at the start of the experiment) were individually housed with light onset and offset in the colony at 7:30 and 19:30 EST, respectively. Rewards consisted of 45-mg chow and chocolate pellets (F0165 and F0299, respectively; BioServ, French town, NJ). Rats received daily rations of 5012-Rat-Diet (PMI Nutrition International, St. Louis, MO) after the completion of each session conducted five days per week. Water was available ad lib, except when the rat was in the maze. All procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at Indiana University Bloomington (protocol 15-019) and followed national guidelines.
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4

Behavioral Conditioning Chamber Setup for Research

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Eight identical conditioning chambers (40 cm wide X 30 cm deep X 35 cm high; Imetronic) were used for behavioral experiments. Each chamber was located inside a sound and light attenuating wooden chamber (74 × 46 × 50 cm). Each of them had a ventilation fan that produce a background noise of 55 dB and 4 LEDs on the ceiling for illumination. Chambers had two opaque panels on each side (right and left) and a stainless-steel grid floor (rod diameter, 0.5 cm; inter-rod distance, 1.5 cm). A magazine (6 × 4.5 × 4.5 cm), placed in the middle of the left wall, could collect either food pellets (45 mg; F0165, Bio-Serv) or sucrose pellets (45 mg; 1811251, Bio-Serv) from dispensers located outside the operant chamber. Speakers in each chamber provided either a 3 kHz Tone or a 10 Hz Clicker auditory stimulus, both produced by the activation of a mechanical relay. The magazine was equipped with infrared cells to detect the animal's visits. A personal computer connected to the conditioning chambers enabled to control the equipment and record the data (Poly Software, Imetronic).
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5

Operant Chamber for Rodent Behavior

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Twelve identical sound-attenuating operant chambers (Med Associates, St. Albans, VT) were used. Chambers were equipped with three retractable levers, two on either side of a food receptacle on the front wall and one in the center of the back wall. Cue lights were placed above each lever. Multigrain food pellets (45 mg; Bio-Serv #F0165, Frenchtown, NJ) were delivered by a pellet dispenser. White noise was provided throughout all experimental sessions.
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6

Operant Conditioning in Male Rats

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Each experiment involved twenty-four, male, experimentally-naïve Sprague Dawley rats (Charles River, Kingston, NY). They arrived at the facility (Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS) at approximately 26 days of age. The rats were pair-housed and maintained on a 12:12 hr light:dark schedule (lights off at approximately 7 am), with experimentation occurring during the dark phase of the cycle. There was ad libitum access to water in the home cages and in the experimental chambers. Prior to the surgical procedure, the rats were food restricted and maintained at approximately 85% of their projected ad libitum weight, derived from growth-curve charts obtained from the supplier. During the experiment, the rats received 45-mg grain-based food pellets (F0165, Bio-Serv; Flemington, NJ) in the operant chambers as well as supplemental rat chow.
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7

Dietary Impact on Impulsive Choice

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The rats completed the impulsive choice task while maintained on the dietary manipulation to assess the chronic effects of the diet exposure (Fig 1). During behavioral testing, rats earned 45-mg grain-based pellets (F0165, Bio-Serv, Flemington, NJ) in the operant chambers. The number of grams earned in the chambers was subtracted from their daily chow ration, such that the total amount of food received in the chambers and on the food hopper in the home cages was 15 g. Following behavioral testing each day, the rats received the remainder of their chow plus their dietary supplement in the home cages.
After the completion of the initial impulsive choice task, all rats were removed from the dietary manipulation and fed an all chow diet for one day (Fig 1). The rats then completed the choice task again while on an all chow diet to assess whether the dietary exposure effects lingered after the diet was removed. The rats continued to receive 15 g of chow each day between food earned in the experiment plus supplement feeding in the food hopper of the home cage. The additional 10 g of chow was placed in a bowl on the cage floor as a supplement to match the food exposure in the on diet phase.
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8

Dietary Regime Optimization for Behavioral Testing

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The rats received their diets throughout behavioral testing. During behavioral testing, part of the ration of chow was earned in the chambers through 45-mg grain-based pellets (Product #F0165, Bio-Serv, Flemington, NJ). The number of grams of pellets earned in the chambers was subtracted from the ration of chow. After the daily behavioral testing sessions, the remainder of the chow ration was placed on the top of the home cage and the dietary supplement (for Groups HF and HS) and equivalent chow (for Group C) was placed inside the cage.
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9

Operant Conditioning Chamber Setup for Rodent Research

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Sessions were conducted in commercially available operant conditioning chambers (31 × 24 × 21 cm; ENV-008CT; Med Associates, Inc., St Albans, Vermont, USA) enclosed in ventilated, sound-attenuating cubicles (ENV-022M; Med Associates, Inc.). The side panels of the chamber were Plexiglas, and the rear and front panels were aluminum. The front panel was equipped with two response levers horizontally aligned 11.5 cm apart. Above each lever was a 2.5-cm diameter stimulus light that could be trans-illuminated white with a 100 mA bulb (lever lights). A feeder dispensed 45-mg grain-based pellets (F0165; Bio-Serv, Frenchtown, New Jersey, USA) to a 5 × 5 cm food aperture centrally located between the two levers. The rear panel was equipped with a 100 mA house light centered 2 cm from the top of the chamber. A syringe pump (PHM-100, Med Associates, Inc.) delivered i.v. infusions through Tygon tubing connected to a 22-G single channel plastic swivel (375/22PS; Instech Laboratories, Inc., Plymouth Meeting, Pennsylvania, USA) and spring tether (VAB95T; Instech Laboratories, Inc.) that attached to a vascular access button (VAB95BS; Instech Laboratories, Inc.) on the back of the rat. MED-PC IV software and a PC-compatible interface (Med Associates, Inc.) controlled experimental events and recorded data.
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10

Automated Operant Behavioral Testing

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Behavioral tests were performed in automated, rat operant chambers (Med Associates Inc., St. Albans, VT) housed in sound attenuated wooden boxes. The test chambers were 17.5 cm tall with a 24 cm × 20 cm stainless steel grid floor that rests above a tray filled with corn cob bedding. Dustless precision pellets (BioServ product F0165) were dispensed into a food magazine centered 2.5 cm above the floor. A retractable lever with a cue light located above was located on each side of the food magazine and a house light was located on the wall opposite the food magazine. White noise was presented during testing to mitigate the intrusion of outside sounds. Med-PC V software was used to present the testing programs and record data.
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