Solvents (n-hexane HPLC grade, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) analytical grade and carvacrol were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Mueller Hinton Agar was purchased from HiMedia Laboratories Pvt, Ltd. (Mumbai, India). Ciprofloxacin was purchased from Acros (New Jersey, USA), vancomycin and amikacin paper discs were purchased from Bioanalyse (Ankara, Turkey), vancomycin hydrochloride was kindly gifted by Hikma (Amman, Jordan).
Vancomycin
Manufactured by Bioanalyse
Sourced in United States
Vancomycin is a laboratory equipment product used for the detection and quantification of vancomycin, a glycopeptide antibiotic. It serves as a tool for analytical and diagnostic purposes in various research and clinical settings.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Tetracycline, by Bioanalyse (6 mentions)
Amikacin, by Bioanalyse (5 mentions)
Kanamycin, by Bioanalyse (4 mentions)
Ampicillin, by Bioanalyse (4 mentions)
Ciprofloxacin, by Bioanalyse (4 mentions)
Penicillin g, by Bioanalyse (4 mentions)
Amoxicillin, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (3 mentions)
Oxacillin, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (3 mentions)
Rifampicin, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (3 mentions)
Methicillin, by Bioanalyse (3 mentions)
Azithromycin, by Bioanalyse (3 mentions)
Clindamycin, by Bioanalyse (2 mentions)
Erythromycin, by Bioanalyse (2 mentions)
Gentamicin, by Bioanalyse (2 mentions)
Methanol, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Streptomycin, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Carbenicillin, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Ampicillin, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Erythromycin, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Acetic acid, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
10 protocols using vancomycin
1
Antimicrobial Activity Evaluation
2
Antibiotic Susceptibility of Probiotic Strains
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The antibiotic susceptibility test was performed following the disc diffusion method [24 (link), 25 (link)], as described before by Halder and Mandal [22 (link)], using MRS agar and approximately108 CFU inoculum from the probiotic strains. The antibiotic discs (Bioanalyse, Turkey) used were Gentamicin (CN: 10-µg/disc), Tetracycline (TE: 30-µg/disc), Chloramphenicol (C: 30-µg/disc), Clindamycin (DA: 2-μg/disc), Erythromycin (E: 15-µg/disc), Kanamycin (K: 30-µg/disc), Streptomycin (S: 10-µg/disc) and Vancomycin (VA: 30-µg/disc). The determined zone diameter of inhibition (ZDI) values were interpreted according to the cut-off points given by the CLSI document [26 ].
3
MRSA Antibiotic Sensitivity Profiling
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The sensitivity of MRSA isolates was examined by disk diffusion method based on CLSI guide direction, against antibiotics including vancomycin (30 μg), ofloxacin (10 μg), ampicillin (10 μg), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (25 μg), amikacin (30 μg), cefotaxime (30 μg), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (20/10 μg), and clindamycin (2 μg) (Bioanalyse).
4
Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Analyses of Plant Compounds
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Gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, p‐hydroxybenzoic acid, catechin, epicatechin, p‐coumaric acid, epicatechin gallate, procyanidin A2, sucrose (D‐(+) saccharose), fructose (D‐fructose), and glucose (D‐glucose) were purchased from Extrasynthese (Genay, France). Citric, tartaric, malic, lactic, formic, and propionic acid standard reagent were obtained from Bio‐Rad (Istanbul, Turkiye). Acetonitrile (HPLC grade) from Honeywell, ethyl acetate, methanol, and Folin–Ciocalteu's reagent from Sigma‐Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany), acetic acid, sodium carbonate, nitric acid, ascorbic acid, and 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany) were acquired. Ampicillin, vancomycin, penicillin G, netilmicin, ciprofloxacin, and gentamicin antimicrobial susceptibility test disks were purchased from Bioanalyse (Ankara, Turkiye). Ultrapure water used in extraction and analyses was obtained through Millipore Direct‐Q 3 UV ultrapure water system (Millipore, USA).
5
Antibacterial Screening of β-Lapachone
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β-Lap was purchased from Solarbio Life Science (Beijing, China) and dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Gram’s crystal violet, a bacteriological stain, was obtained from TITAN BIOTECH. Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) tablets were obtained from Sigma Aldrich®, Dorset, UK. Methanol (≥99.8%) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich® GmbH Chemie, Steinheim, France. Acetic acid (≥99.8%) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich® GmbH Chemie, Steinheim, Germany. Six antibiotics belonging to different classes and potencies were purchased from different pharmaceutical companies. Gentamicin (10 µg) from Becton Dickinson, NJ, USA, vancomycin (30 µg), amikacin (30 µg), tetracycline (30 µg), ciprofloxacin (5 µg) from Bioanalyse® Ankara, Turkey, and amoxicillin (30 µg) from Oxoid™ Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK.
6
Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing of Staphylococcus aureus
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Staphylococcus aureus strains were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility tests by the disc diffusion method according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI).18 Antibiotics included in this study were; 1 µg oxacillin (Oxoid Limited, Hampshire, UK), 30 µg vancomycin (Bioanalyse®, Ankara, Turkey), 5 µg rifampicin (Oxoid), and 5 µg ciprofloxacin (Bioanalyse®). Phenotypically, S. aureus strains were considered as MRSA if they were resistant to oxacillin, and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) if they were oxacillin-sensitive. The S. aureus strains ATCC 33591 (MRSA) were used as positive and ATCC 25923 (MSSA) were used as negative controls.
7
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Bacterial Isolates
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Antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates was determined by disk diffusion
method for the following antibacterial agents; erythromycin (15 µg), gentamicin
(120 μg), tetracycline (30 μg), ampicillin (10 µg), amoxicillin-clavulanic
(30 µg), Cefepime (30 µg), vancomycin (30 μg), teicoplanin (30 μg), linezolid
(30 μg), ciprofloxacin (5 μg), Imipenem (10 µg), and rifampin (5 μg)
(Bioanalyse, Turkey). Muller-Hinton agar plates were inoculated with 0.5
McFarland standard suspension of the strains, antimicrobial disks were placed
into plates and then were incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. Minimum inhibitory
concentrations (MICs) of vancomycin and erythromycin were determined by the agar
dilution method. Zone diameters were assessed according to the Clinical
Laboratory Standard Institute guidelines.20
method for the following antibacterial agents; erythromycin (15 µg), gentamicin
(120 μg), tetracycline (30 μg), ampicillin (10 µg), amoxicillin-clavulanic
(30 µg), Cefepime (30 µg), vancomycin (30 μg), teicoplanin (30 μg), linezolid
(30 μg), ciprofloxacin (5 μg), Imipenem (10 µg), and rifampin (5 μg)
(Bioanalyse, Turkey). Muller-Hinton agar plates were inoculated with 0.5
McFarland standard suspension of the strains, antimicrobial disks were placed
into plates and then were incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. Minimum inhibitory
concentrations (MICs) of vancomycin and erythromycin were determined by the agar
dilution method. Zone diameters were assessed according to the Clinical
Laboratory Standard Institute guidelines.20
8
Antibiotic Susceptibility of L. nagelii
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Antibiogram tests were performed to screen resistance or sensitivity of AGA58 against commonly used antibiotics. Commercially available antibiotic disks [methicillin, vancomycin, amikacin, kanamycin, azithromycin, tetracycline, penicillin G (Bioanalyse, Yenimahalle, Ankara, Turkey); ampicillin, oxacillin, carbenicillin, amoxicillin, streptomycin, erythromycin, rifampicin (Oxoid, Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK)] were utilized to determine antibiotic susceptibility of L. nagelii AGA58 . The disk diffusion assay was performed per modified Kirby-Bauer method [29] (link). Interpretation of inhibition zone (mm) results was performed per Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute's performance standards for antimicrobial testing [30] .
Inhibition zone less than or equal to 14 mm was noted resistant (R). Inhibition zone greater than 20 mm was regarded sensitive (S). Zones between 15 and 19mm were recorded as semi-sensitive or intermediate (I).
Inhibition zone less than or equal to 14 mm was noted resistant (R). Inhibition zone greater than 20 mm was regarded sensitive (S). Zones between 15 and 19mm were recorded as semi-sensitive or intermediate (I).
9
Antibiotic Resistance Profiling of L. plantarum
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Antibiogram assays were conducted to nd out the resistance or sensitivity of the DY46 strain against commonly used antibiotics. Ready to use commercial antibiotic disks (methicillin, vancomycin, amikacin, kanamycin, azithromycin, tetracycline, penicillin G (Bioanalyse); ampicillin, oxacillin, carbenicillin, amoxycillin, streptomycin, erytromycin, rifampacin (oxoid)) were employed for antibiotic susceptibility testing of L. plantarum DY46. The application of disk diffusion assay was performed according to a modi ed Kirby-Bauer method (Sharma et al. 2017 (link)). Interpretation of inhibition zone (mm) results was carried out with regard to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute's performance standards for antimicrobial testing (CLSI M100-S22, 2012). Results with an inhibition zone less than or equal to 14mm were noted resistant (R). Additionally, inhibition zones greater than 20 mm were considered sensitive (S) and between 15-19 mm were accepted as semi-sensitive or intermediate (I).
10
Antibiotic Susceptibility of L. nagelii
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Antibiogram tests were performed to screen resistance or sensitivity of AGA58 against commonly used antibiotics. Commercially available antibiotic disks [methicillin, vancomycin, amikacin, kanamycin, azithromycin, tetracycline, penicillin G (Bioanalyse, Yenimahalle, Ankara, Turkey); ampicillin, oxacillin, carbenicillin, amoxicillin, streptomycin, erythromycin, rifampicin (Oxoid, Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK)] were utilized to determine antibiotic susceptibility of L. nagelii AGA58 . The disk diffusion assay was performed per modified Kirby-Bauer method [29] (link). Interpretation of inhibition zone (mm) results was performed per Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute's performance standards for antimicrobial testing [30] .
Inhibition zone less than or equal to 14 mm was noted resistant (R). Inhibition zone greater than 20 mm was regarded sensitive (S). Zones between 15 and 19mm were recorded as semi-sensitive or intermediate (I).
Inhibition zone less than or equal to 14 mm was noted resistant (R). Inhibition zone greater than 20 mm was regarded sensitive (S). Zones between 15 and 19mm were recorded as semi-sensitive or intermediate (I).
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