Ta universal analysis

The degree of crystallinity of hydrogel fibers and materials was assessed using a DSC instrument (2920 TA instrument). The PVA hydrogels were analyzed in the desiccated state. A small quantity of sample (1–15 mg) was loaded into a crucible (TA instrument T81006) and inserted into a temperature-controlled DSC cell. A blank crucible served as a reference. The sample was heated from 30 °C to 300 °C in air, with a heating rate of 20 °C/min. The differential heat flow to the sample and reference was recorded by the instrument. To determine the melting fusion enthalpy of endothermic peaks, heat flow (mW) over sample weight (mg) was plotted against time (s). The areas of melting endothermic peaks were integrated using TA analysis software (TA Universal Analysis). The degree of crystallinity α was estimated using the equation: $\alpha =\frac{△H_m}{△H_m}\cdot 100\%,$ where $△H_m$ (J/g) was calculated from the integration of melting endothermic peaks and $△H_m$ (150 J/g) was the enthalpy of melting 100% of PVA crystallites. For representative DSC data, each sample was repeated three times with similar results. The crystallinity outcomes of PVA samples are presented in Supplementary Table 1.

A. bisporus and P. eryngii mushrooms were first washed with water and then allowed to air dry for 7 d. All dehydrated mushrooms were then ground into a fine powder using a coffee grinder.
Fungal fruiting body thermal degradation properties were assessed using a TA Instruments TGA550 thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). Dry mushroom powder samples of ≈10 mg were placed in an alumina high temperature crucible and heated from 30 to 1000 °C at a heating rate of 20 K min^‐1. Samples were tested in air and nitrogen atmospheres (both 25 mL min⁻¹). Thermal degradation properties were then analyzed using TA Universal Analysis (v. 4.5A b. 4.5.0.5).
Larger quantities of pyrolyzed mushroom powder for additional tests were obtained using a Mettler Toledo TGA/DSC 1 STAR^e system and deep alumina crucibles (maximum sample mass of 4 g). Samples were run isothermally at 1000 °C for 15 min in a nitrogen atmosphere.

Using conditions similar to previously reported [24 (link),28 (link),29 (link),30 (link),46 (link),47 (link),48 (link),49 (link)], thermal analysis and phase transition measurements of Ang (1—7), PNA5, and Trehalose (all unprocessed), SD, and co-SD formulations were studied. The thermograms were obtained using the TA Q1000 differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) (TA Instruments, New Castle, Delaware). A mass of 3–5 mg of each sample was weighed into hermetic anodized aluminum DSC pan. DSC measurements were performed at the heating rates of 5.00 °C/min and 40.0 °C/min from 0.00–300 °C. As a reference, an empty, hermetically sealed aluminum pan was used. The purging gas was nitrogen at a rate of 50 mL/min. Phase transition parameters including the glass transition temperature (T_g), melting point (T_m) main phase transition, enthalpy (ΔH), and heat capacity (ΔC_p) were measured and calculated using TA Universal Analysis (TA Instruments). Moreover, to ensure reproducibility, each experiment was repeated three times.

The methodology for the DSC analysis was adapted from Ahmad, et al. [21 (link)], with slight modifications. Twelve (12 mg) milligrams of GPC was weighed into aluminium pans (TA Instruments, TZero 901684.901), followed by the addition of 18 mg of Milli-Q water to obtain 30 mg of 40% w/v GPC concentration. The pans were then hermetically sealed and left overnight at 23 ± 2 °C. Scans were then conducted using a differential scanning calorimeter (Q2000, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE, USA) in triplicates, with heating from 20 to 100 °C at a rate of 5 °C/min. The DSC was calibrated with indium and gallium, with empty aluminium pans used as reference. The thermal properties of the GPC were then analysed using an analytical software (TA Universal Analysis, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE, USA). The thermal denaturation temperature (T_d) was determined based on the highest peak of the endothermic curve, and the enthalpy was calculated from the area below the transition peak.

The thermal properties of oleogels were evaluated using a differential scanning calorimeter, TA Instruments model DSC-2920 (New Castle, USA), with a coupled cooling unit (Refrigerated Cooling Systems). Both a hermetic aluminum pan containing the sample (5–7 mg) and an empty pan used as a reference were placed in the equipment. Samples were initially equilibrated at 0 °C, heated to 100 °C (heating step I), kept in isothermal conditions for 5 min, then cooled to 0 °C (cooling step), kept in isothermal conditions for 30 min, and finally heated to 100 °C again (heating step II). Heating and cooling ramps were performed at a constant rate of 5 °C.min⁻¹. Data were processed by TA Universal Analysis (TA Instruments, New Castle, Delaware, USA) software defining some properties from thermal curves as the crystallization onset temperature (T_{C1, onset}) associated with the first crystallization peak and enthalpy corresponding to both the first (ΔHmI) and second (ΔHmII) heating steps [47 (link)].

The degree of crystallinity of hydrogel fibers and materials was assessed using a DSC instrument (2920 TA instrument). The PVA hydrogels were analyzed in the desiccated state. A small quantity of sample (1-15 mg) was loaded into a crucible (TA instrument T81006) and inserted into a temperature-controlled DSC cell. A blank crucible served as a reference. The sample was heated from 30 °C to 300 °C in air, with a heating rate of 20 °C/min. The differential heat flow to the sample and reference was recorded by the instrument. To determine the melting fusion enthalpy of endothermic peaks, heat flow (mW) over sample weight (mg) was plotted against time (s). The areas of melting endothermic peaks were integrated using TA analyze software (TA Universal Analysis). The degree of crystallinity $\alpha$ was estimated using the equation: $\alpha =\frac{\Delta H_m}{\Delta H_m}$ . 100%, where $\Delta H_m$ (J/g) was calculated from the integration of melting endothermic peaks and $\Delta H_m$ (150 J/g) was the enthalpy of melting 100% of PVA crystallites. The crystallinity outcomes of PVA samples are presented in Supplementary Table 1.

The T_m of wild-type MFA_ps and mutants were measured using nano-differential scanning calorimetry (DSC, TA Instruments, Inc., New Castle, Delaware, USA). The pure enzymes were dispersed in dialysis buffer and degassed before scanning. The dialysis buffer was used as a reference, and the sample volume was 0.3 mL. The instrument was balanced for 10 min before each scanning, and the pressure in the pool was maintained for 3 atm during the scanning process. The software of Launch Nano Analyze and TA Universal Analysis were used to calculate and analyze the scanning temperature. All values were determined in triplicate.