Automated biochemical technique

Blood samples were collected at every visit time. Routine blood testing was performed on Siemens ADVIA 2120 Hematology Analyzer. Routine biochemical tests including alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), etc. were measured by automated biochemical technique (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, USA). Serum HBV DNA was quantified using the TaqMan polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay (Sansure Biotech, China) on ABI7500 Real‐Time PCR System (Life Technologies, USA), which has a detection limit of 500 IU/mL. The levels of HBsAg, HBsAb, HBeAg, HBeAb and HBcAb were measured using a commercial chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay kit with the Architect i4000SR System (Abbott Laboratories, USA).

This study enrolled participants from July 2021 to November 2022 at the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University. The recruited participants consisted of 10 individuals diagnosed with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), 10 individuals with alcoholic liver disease (ALD), 10 individuals with primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), and 20 healthy control (HC) individuals, all matched for age and gender. The diagnosis of CLD was established based on the criteria outlined in the guidelines published by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD).^{13–16 (link)} The blood samples were collected and processed in strict accordance with standard operating procedures for serum collection.^{17 (link)}Routine blood testing conducted using the Siemens ADVIA 2120i Hematology Analyzer. Routine biochemistry was assayed using automated biochemical technique (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics), while coagulation function was measured using a fully automatic blood coagulation analyzer (CS5100, Sysmex Corp, Japan).