L carnitine

The valine, isoleucine, leucine, β-alanine, creatine, l-carnitine, and betaine were purchased from Beijing Solarbio Science and Technology Co. Ltd. (Beijing, China), while the quercetin was obtained from Aladdin (Shanghai, China). The primary antibodies: rabbit anti-phospho-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase α (p-AMPKα) (#2535S), rabbit anti-phospho-acetyl CoA carboxylase (p-ACC) (#11818S), mouse anti-glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) (#2213S), and rabbit anti-catalase (CAT) (#14097S) were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA, USA), while the rabbit anti-carnitine palmitoyl-transferase 1B (CPT1B) (ab134988), rabbit anti-fatty acid translocase (CD36) (ab252922), and mouse anti-glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC) (ab55435) were purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, UK). The rabbit anti-superoxide dismutase (SOD2) (BS6734) was acquired from Bioworld (Beijing, China), and the rabbit anti-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) was purchased from ABclonal (Boston, MA, USA). The GLUT4 (GB11244) used during immunofluorescence was provided by Servicebio (Wuhan, China). The secondary antibodies, namely horseradish peroxidase-linked goat anti-rabbit IgG (Cat#485) and horseradish peroxidase-linked goat anti-mouse IgG (Cat#330), were obtained from MBL (Woburn, MA, USA).