SiO2 films were grown by atomic layer deposition on Si samples with tris(dimethylamino)silane (TDMAS) and ozone as precursors. Thermal annealing at 1050 °C for 120 s, with a ramp temperature of 100 °C/min, starting from 800 °C, was performed in an argon environment in a tube furnace (Thermo scientific Lindberg/Blue, USA). After annealing, the Si samples were immersed again in 2.5% HF solution to remove SiO2 film on the surfaces.
Lindberg blue
Manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in United States
The Lindberg/Blue is a versatile laboratory equipment product from Thermo Fisher Scientific. It is designed for a range of heating and drying applications in scientific research and industrial settings. The core function of the Lindberg/Blue is to provide precise temperature control and consistent heating or drying capabilities to support various experimental and processing needs.
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6 protocols using lindberg blue
1
Thermal Annealing of SiO2 Films
2
Crosslinking Rubber Samples with DCP
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The crosslinking of the rubber samples with DCP was carried out in a forced air heating oven (LindBerg Blue, Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Mexico city, Mexico), with a precision temperature controller of ±0.1 °C. The crosslinking was carried out at 175 °C, and different times of 2, 4, 6, 10 and 20 min. This crosslinking temperature was selected to ensure at least a 50% crosslinking efficiency. These experiments were carried out by duplicate.
3
Synthesis and Characterization of Hydrophilic Carbon Nanotubes
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The synthesis of single-walled carbon nanotubes was performed on a quartz tube furnace (Lindberg Blue, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). To generate water vapor, a carrier gas was passed through a water bubbler filled with ultrapure water. The concentration of the generated water vapor was monitored by a water sensor installed in the exhaust tunnel. The carrier gas consisted of 60% of Ar (99.9999%) and 40% of H2 (99.9999%). The total flow of the carrier gas was 1000 cm3 per minute under standard temperature and pressure. Carbon nanotubes were grown at 750 °C using pure ethylene (99.9999%) as the carbon source under the catalysis of Al2O3/Fe. The formed carbon nanotubes were harvested by a razor blade and suspended in pure alcohol by ultrasonic disruption. Polyethylene glycol 1000 (PEG, Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) was added to the suspension to a final concentration of 5% in order to modify the surface of the carbon nanotubes to achieve better hydrophilicity. The structure of the prepared carbon nanotubes was characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) (CM 200, Philips, Amsterdam, Netherland) and the size distribution was determined by a laser particle analyzer (Mastersizer 3000, Malvern, Worcestershire, UK).
4
Quantifying Major Milk Mineral Contents
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The salts content was determined using the freeze-dried samples. In short, ashes were prepared through overnight sample calcination in a furnace at 550 °C, following the AOAC 923.03 method (Lindberg/Blue, ThermoFisher Scientific, USA). The results obtained in ppm were first converted on a molar basis, and the percentage of precipitated salts in each sample on the corresponding initial element content was then calculated.
The recovered ashes were weighted and rehydrated in 1 mL 25% nitric acid, then transferred in a 50-mL volumetric flask to be diluted in HPLC-grade water. The solution was mixed and passed through a 0.45 μm filter (Sarstedt, Nümbrecht, Germany). The specific contents of the main milk elements (Ca, Mg, K, Na, and P) were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma (ICP) optical emission spectrometry (model 5110, Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA), and the results were reported in mM. The Ca/P molar ratio was also calculated.
The recovered ashes were weighted and rehydrated in 1 mL 25% nitric acid, then transferred in a 50-mL volumetric flask to be diluted in HPLC-grade water. The solution was mixed and passed through a 0.45 μm filter (Sarstedt, Nümbrecht, Germany). The specific contents of the main milk elements (Ca, Mg, K, Na, and P) were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma (ICP) optical emission spectrometry (model 5110, Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA), and the results were reported in mM. The Ca/P molar ratio was also calculated.
5
Comprehensive Analysis of Soluble Solids and Sugars
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The soluble solid was measured by using a digital-display refractometer (WZB 45, Shanghai Precision Scientific Instrument Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China) and the results were obtained by refractive index multiplied by the dilution ratio [18 (link)]. Total sugars, reducing sugars, crude fiber, ash content, and titratable acids were determined by the phenol-sulphuric acid method [19 (link)], DNS method [20 (link)], the gravimetric method using a fiber tester, the muffle furnace (Lindberg/Blue, Thermo Fisher, USA) at 550°C [17 (link)], and the potentiometric titration method [18 (link)], respectively.
6
Regeneration of Nanoparticles with Asphaltenes
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The nanoparticles regeneration process starts from the asphaltene adsorption followed by their catalytic decomposition. The nanoparticles with adsorbed asphaltenes were subjected to a steam atmosphere in a tubular furnace (Thermo Scientific Lindberg/Blue, Waltham, MA, USA) at 240 °C for 2 h. For this, N2 flow was fixed at 100 mL·min−1 and steam injection was performed at a flow rate of 6.3 mL·min−1 using a gas saturator with controlled temperature. In each regeneration cycle, part of the nanoparticles was taken to perform the thermogravimetric and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses.
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