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5 protocols using cadmium chloride hemi pentahydrate

1

Synthesis of Tellurium Nanoparticles

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Ammonium tetrathiomolybdate (Sigma-Aldrich); hydrazine hydrate (N2H4, Merck); sodium borohydride (NaBH4, Merck); tellurium powder (Te, Sigma-Aldrich); cadmium chloride hemipentahydrate (CdCl2·2.5H2O); hydrochloric acid (HCl, Merck); cysteamine (Sigma-Aldrich), PUR-A-LYZER MEGA DIALYSIS KIT (Sigma-Aldrich); Milli-Q water.
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2

Synthesis of Metal Chloride Compounds

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Tin (II) chloride (SnCl2), manganese (II) chloride tetrahydrate (MnCl2·4H2O), chromium (III) nitrate nonahydrate (Cr(NO)3·9H2O), cadmium chloride hemipentahydrate (CdCl2·2.5H2O), lead nitrate (Pb(NO3)2), ammonium metavanadate (NH4VO3), hydrochloric acid (HCl, 37%), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and sodium chloride (NaCl) were purchased from Merck Chemicals.
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Reagents and Chemicals for Antioxidant Assays

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Folin–Ciocalteu reagent, 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchromane-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox), bovine serum albumin (BSA), 2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS, diammonium salt) were purchased from FlukaChemie (Buchs, Switzerland). Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), gallic acid, sodium nitrite (NaNO2), aluminum chloride (AlCl3), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), (+)-Catechin, methanol, Coomassie Brilliant Blue, phosphoric acid (H3PO4), sodium chloride (NaCl), ninhydrin, acetic acid, cadmium chloride hemi (pentahydrate), l-Leucine, 2,4,6-tripyridyl-S-triazine (TPTZ), ferric chloride (FeCl3), ammonium ferrous sulfate, potassium persulfate (K2SO4), and DPPH radicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH (Steinheim, Germany). Media and reagents for cell culture were purchased from ATCC and Carlo Erba Reagents (Milan, Italy). Tali™ Viability Kit-Dead Cell Green and CellROX® Orange Reagents were purchased from Invitrogen TM, Life Technologies. Chemicals and solvents were of analytical grade.
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4

Soil Spiking with Cu and Cd

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The natural standard LUFA 2.2 soil (Speyer, Germany) was dried at 80 C for 48 h before use and had the following main characteristics: pH (0.01 M CaCl 2 ) ¼ 5.6, 1.73% organic carbon, cation exchange capacity ¼ 9.8 cmol c /kg, maximum water holding capacity (WHC) ¼ 45.8%, and grain size distribution of 8.3% clay (<0.002 mm), 14.9% silt (0.002e0.05 mm), and 76.8% sand (0.05e2.0 mm).
Test substances Copper (II) chloride dihydrate (CuCl 2 $2H 2 O >99.9% purity, Sigma-Aldrich) and cadmium chloride hemi (pentahydrate) (CdCl 2 .2½H 2 O ! 98% purity, Sigma-Aldrich) were used. Soil was spiked by adding CuCl 2 and CdCl 2 as aqueous solutions to achieve nominal concentrations of 80 mg Cu/kg soil and 20 mg Cd/ kg soil (dry weight, DW). These concentrations were selected based on the EC 20 for effects on the reproduction of E. crypticus for Cu (Bicho et al., 2017a) and Cd (Castro-Ferreira et al., 2012) in LUFA 2.2 soil. Soil was moistened to reach 50% of the maximum WHC and equilibrated for 14 days at 20 ± 1 C prior test start.
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5

Tellurium-Based Nanocrystal Synthesis

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Tellurium powder (Te), sodium borohydride (NaBH4), cadmium chloride hemipentahydrate, (CdCl2·2.5H2O), zinc chloride (ZnCl2), L-cysteine, rhodamine 6G, were purchased from Sigma Aldrich Co. LLC. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Ethanol and chloroform were purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Ind. Ltd. (Osaka, Japan). An ultra-pure Milli-Q Water System was used as the water source.
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