Manganese chloride tetrahydrate

The mixed-linkage β-glucan and amylose/amylopectin assay kits were purchased from Megazyme (International Ireland Ltd., Wicklow, Ireland). Ethanol, glacial acetic acid, and dimethyl sulfoxide were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Sodium dihydrogen orthophosphate dihydrate, sodium hydroxide, anhydrous sodium acetate, and sodium chloride were purchased from Qrec (Qrec (Asia) SDN BHD, Selangor, Malaysia) and Ajax Finechem Pty Ltd. (Sydney, New South Wales, Australia). Calcium chloride dihydrate, magnesium chloride hexahydrate, and manganese chloride tetrahydrate were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). All chemicals and reagents used in the study were of analytical grade.

Iodoacetamide, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, methyl-R-D-mannopyranoside, methyl-R-D-glucopyranoside, manganese chloride tetrahydrate, formaldehyde, deuterated formaldehyde, and sodium cyanoborohydride were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Agarose-bound Concanavalin A (Con A, 6 mg lectin/mL gel) and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA, 7 mg lectin/mL gel) were purchased from Vector Laboratories (Burlingame, CA). Dithiothreitol (DTT) and sequencing grade modified trypsin were purchased from Promega (Madison, WI). Antibodies used in Western blot were all obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Dallas, TX).

TiO₂ Hombikat UV100 nanoparticles were obtained from Sachtleben Chemie (Duisburg, Germany) and TiO₂ P25 was obtained from Evonik Aeroxide. Imazapyr herbicide (99% structure shown in Figure 1b), hydrochloric acid, calcium sulphate, sodium hydroxide, potassium permanganate, manganese chloride tetrahydrate, potassium chloride, phenol and various solvents were purchased from Sigma Aldrich UK and used without further purification. Deionized water was obtained from an ELGA Purelab DI water unit (available in NIBEC).

3-Nitro-L-tyrosine, L-tyrosine (≥98%), mercury nitrate monohydrate (≥98.5%), lead nitrate (≥99%), cadmium acetate dihydrate (98%), copper chloride (≥99%), calcium chloride (≥93%), magnesium sulfate (≥99.5%), zinc chloride (≥98%), nickel chloride hexahydrate (≥98%), manganese chloride tetrahydrate (≥98%), iron(III) chloride (97%), chromium chloride hexahydrate (96%), sodium (meta)arsenite (≥90%), and tetrabutylammonium perchlorate (TBAP, ≥99%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Milwaukee, WI, USA). Ultrapure water (UPW) with a resistivity of 18.2 MΩ·cm was obtained from a PURELAB Option-Q water-purification system (High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire, UK).

Manganese chloride tetrahydrate (99%), oleic acid (tech, 90%) and 1-Octadecene (tech, 90%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (USA). Sodium oleate was purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. All reagents were used without further purification.
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and the related high-resolution TEM (HRTEM) images were performed on a FEI Tecnai G2 F20 microscope (accelerating voltage, 200 kV) and a Hitachi HT7700 Exalens microscope (accelerating voltage, 120 kV). The X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) patterns of the nanoparticles were acquired on a D/MAX-Ultima VI X-ray powder diffractometer (Rigaku Co., Japan). The X-ray absorption spectra (XPS) were conducted at an Escalab 250Xi X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (Thermo Scientific). The hysteresis loops at 300 K were recorded by the superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID). Dynamic light scattering (DLS) were measured by Zetasizer Nano ZS (Malvern Instruments Ltd., England). The measurement of relaxivity and phantom imaging at 0.5 T were all performed on an NMI20-Analyst system. In vivo MRI were performed on 7 T micro MRI System. The concentrations of metals were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) on an iCAP RQ system (Thermo Fisher).

The chemicals such as Manganese chloride tetrahydrate (MnCl₂·4H₂O), Zinc chloride tetrahydrate (ZnCl₂·4H₂O), phenyl hydrazine (C₆H₅NHNH₂), p-nitrophenol (C₆H₄(NO₂)OH), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and ethanol (C₂H₅OH) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).