Chlorpyrifos

Manufactured by LGC

Sourced in Germany, France

Chlorpyrifos is an insecticide used in various agricultural and industrial applications. It functions by inhibiting the activity of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, which is essential for the proper functioning of the nervous system in insects and other organisms. The specific details and intended uses of this product are not provided in order to maintain an unbiased and factual approach.

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Chlorpyrifos-methyl (3 citations) Chlorpyrifos D10 (2 citations)

13 protocols using chlorpyrifos

Pesticide Residue Analysis in Rape Flowers

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A Milli-Q ultrapure water system manufactured by Millipore (Milford, UT, USA) was used throughout experiments to provide the HPLC-grade water that was employed during analysis and to hydrate the rape flower samples. Ultragradient HPLC-grade acetonitrile and methanol were obtained from Tedia (Shanghai, China). Formic acid, acetic acid, anhydrous magnesium sulfate (MgSO₄), and sodium acetate (NaOAc) were supplied by Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). PSA (primary and secondary amine-bonded silica), C₁₈ (octadecyl-bonded silica) and GCB (graphitized carbon black) were purchased from Agilent Technologies (Santa Clara, CA, USA).
Reference standards of imidacloprid (purity, 98%), thiamethoxam (purity, 95%), acetamiprid (purity, 95%), fenpropathrin (purity, 98.5%), chlorpyrifos (purity, 98%), carbendazim (purity, 95%), prochloraz (purity, 98%) and pyrimethanil (purity, 95%) were obtained from Dr. Ehrenstorfer GmbH (Augsburg, Germany).
Formulated pesticides of imidacloprid 10% wettable powder (WP), thiamethoxam 25% water-dispersible granules (WDG), acetamiprid 20% WP, fenpropathrin 20% emulsifiable concentrate (EC), chlorpyrifos 40% EC, carbendazim 80% WP, prochloraz 25% EC, and pyrimethanil 40% suspension concentrate (SC) were purchased from the agricultural market located in Hefei, Anhui, China.

Tong Z., Duan J., Wu Y., Liu Q., He Q., Shi Y., Yu L, & Cao H. (2018). Evaluation of Highly Detectable Pesticides Sprayed in Brassica napus L.: Degradation Behavior and Risk Assessment for Honeybees. Molecules : A Journal of Synthetic Chemistry and Natural Product Chemistry, 23(10), 2482.

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Quantification of Parathion Degradation

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Parathion and its degradation intermediates (such as 4-NP, 4-AP, 4-NC, hydroquinone (HQ), PBQ and 1,2,4 benzenetriol (BT)) as well as TCP were purchased from Sigma. Chlorpyrifos was purchased from Dr. Ehrenstorfer GmbH (Merck, Germany). Solvents used in this study were of HPLC grade. Microbiological media, components, general chemicals were of highest standard and purchased from HiMedia, India.

Pailan S, & Saha P. (2015). Chemotaxis and degradation of organophosphate compound by a novel moderately thermo-halo tolerant Pseudomonas sp. strain BUR11: evidence for possible existence of two pathways for degradation. PeerJ, 3, e1378.

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Chlorpyrifos Degradation Assay

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Chlorpyrifos (purity = 98.5%) was purchased from Dr. Ehrenstorfer GmbH (Augsburg, Germany). The metabolite 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP, purity = 95%) was purchased from J&K Scientific (Beijing, China). Chromatographic grade solvents, including methanol, acetonitrile and formic acid, were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). All other reagents were analytical or HPLC grade.
The Luria-Bertani (LB) medium contained 10 g/L tryptone, 5 g/L yeast extract powder and 10 g/L NaCl in deionized water at pH 7.0. LB solid medium was prepared by adding 2% agar powder. Mineral salt medium (MSM) contained 1 g/L NaCl, 0.1 g/L MgSO₄·7H₂O, 0.3 g/L KH₂PO₄, and 1 g/L K₂HPO₄ in deionized water at pH 7.0.

Shi T., Fang L., Qin H., Chen Y., Wu X, & Hua R. (2019). Rapid Biodegradation of the Organophosphorus Insecticide Chlorpyrifos by Cupriavidus nantongensis X1T. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(23), 4593.

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Pesticide and Heavy Metal Analysis Protocol

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All pesticides standards including α-BHC(100 mg L⁻¹), β-BHC (100 mg L⁻¹), γ-BHC (100 mg L⁻¹), δ-BHC (100 mg L⁻¹), p,p′-DDE (100 mg L⁻¹), o,p′-DDT (100 mg L⁻¹), p,p′-DDT (100 mg L⁻¹), p,p′-DDD (100 mg L⁻¹), azoxystrobin (99.0%), carbendazim (99.0%), chlorothalonil (98.9%), chlorpyrifos (99.5%), cypermethrin (98.2%), chlorantraniliprole (98.2%), dichlorvos (99.7%), difenoconazole (99.2%), fenpropathrin (98.9%), isocarbophos (98.9%), procymidone (99.5%), prochloraz (99.2%), pyraclostrobin (98.1%), thiophanate-methyl (99.3%), tebuconazole (99.5%) and λ-cyhalothrin (93.5%) were purchased from Dr Ehrenstorfer GmbH (Augsburg, Germany). Acetonitrile (HPLC grade) were provided by Bangyi Chemical Co., Ltd. (Hangzhou, China). Anhydrous magnesium sulphate, anhydrous sodium sulphate and n-hexane were of analytical grade. Primary secondary amine (PSA) was provided by Agela Technologies.
Each single element stock solution (1000 mg L⁻¹) of Cu, Zn, Cr, Ni, Pb, As, Cd, and Hg were purchased from National Standard Material Research Centre (Beijing, China). Guaranteed reagent nitric acid (HNO₃) was provided by Fanhong Trading Co., Ltd. (Guangzhou, China).

Zhang Z., Song J., Zhang H., Zheng Z., Li T., Wu S., He B., Mao B., Yu Y, & Fang H. (2022). Analysis method development and health risk assessment of pesticide and heavy metal residues in Dendrobium Candidum. RSC Advances, 12(11), 6869-6875.

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Multianalyte Pesticide Extraction and Quantification

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All the target compounds (chlorpyrifos, haloxyfop-R-methyl, oxadiazon, diniconazole, clodinafop-propargyl, fenpropathrin, and fenoxprop-P-ethyl) with purity >98% were procured from Dr Ehrenstorfer (Agsburg, Germany). Sodium sulfate, potassium chloride, sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide, acetonitrile (ACN), acetone, hydrochloric acid (37%, w/w), and methanol (analytical grade) were obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). 2-Propanol was acquired from Caledon (Georgetown, Canada). Deionized water was supplied from Ghazi Co. (Tabriz, Iran). Extraction solvents including 1,1,2-trichloroethane (1,1,2-TCE), 1,1,1-trichloroethane (1,1,1-TCE), 1,2-dibromoethane (1,2-DBE), and carbon tetrachloride were purchased from Janssen (Beerse, Belgium). To synthesize the adsorbent, nickel(ii) chloride hexahydrate (NiCl₂·6H₂O), 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid (1,4-BDCA), and concentrated ammonia solution (25%, w/w) were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). A mixture standard solution including 250 mg L⁻¹ of each pesticide was provided in methanol and diluted using deionized water for daily-used solutions of interest.

Farajzadeh M.A., Khoshnavaz N., Pezhhanfar S, & Afshar Mogaddam M.R. (2023). Introduction of a new and safe synthesis procedure for Ni-MOF-I in aqueous solution and its application for the extraction of some pesticides from different beverages. RSC Advances, 13(31), 21673-21684.

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Chlorpyrifos Analytical Protocol

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Chlorpyrifos (C₉H₁₁C_l3NO₃PS, O,O-diethyl-O-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl phosphonothioate) was purchased from Ehrenstorfer, Augsburg, Germany, with 99.0% purification as analytical standard. The chemical structure and characteristics of CPF are listed in Table 1. The stock solution (1.0 mg/L) was prepared using deionized water (Resistance ≈18.2 MΩ cm at 25 °C from 2001-D Siemens System, Vernon Hills, Illinois, USA). Analytical and residue grades of HCl, NaOH, NaNO₂ and sodium salicylate were purchased from Merck, Darmstadt, Germany. Methylene chloride was used as a chromatograph reagent, and all solvents utilized in the current work were of higher analytical grade (Fluka, Buchs, Switzerland). At the same time, commercial polyurethane foam (white PUF) was purchased from Alfa Foam, Egyptian Co. for Insulation Materials Manufacturing, Cairo, Egypt.

Bouraie M.E, & Abdelghany A. (2020). Sorption Features of Polyurethane Foam Functionalized with Salicylate for Chlorpyrifos: Equilibrium, Kinetic Models and Thermodynamic Studies. Polymers, 12(9), 2036.

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Pesticide Residue Quantification Protocol

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Methanol, acetone, dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate and acetonitrile were all purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany) and Fisher Scientific (Trinidad, UK). All chemicals were of chromatographic reagent grade. Formic acid was obtained from Dikma Technologies (USA). Analytical-grade standards (purities>98%), carbendazim, imidacloprid, acetamiprid, triadimenol, triadimefon, tebuconazole, chlorbenzuron, difenoconazole, chlorpyrifos, buprofezin, and pyridaben were purchased from Dr. Ehrenstorfer (Augsburg, Germany) and Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). Individual chemical stock solutions (2 mg/mL) were prepared in HPLC-grade Methanol and stored in the dark at -20ºC. Anhydrous sodium sulfate (Na 2 SO 4 ), primary-secondary amine (PSA) bonded silica bulk, octadecylsilane (LC-C18, 40-63 μm) and nylon syringe filters (0.22 μm) were obtained from Shanghai Anpel Scientific Instrument Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Ultra-pure water was obtained from a Milli-Q system (Bedford, MA, USA).

Shi R., Li Y., Chen M., Zheng X., Liu X., Zhao Y., Liu A., Jia J., Xu M., & Zhao Z. (2020). Detection of Frequently Used Pesticides in Apple Orchard Soil in China by High Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 29(2), 1341-1350.

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Insecticide Resistance Bioassay on Larvae

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Mortality following insecticide exposure was determined by single-diagnostic-dose bioassays on fourth instar larvae collected in the field and brought to the lab. The insecticides, propoxur (CX), temephos (OP), permethrin (PYR), dieldrin (OC) and chlorpyrifos (OP), were purchased from Dr Ehrenstorfer GmbH, Germany. Each compound was dissolved in ethanol, with a final concentration of ethanol of 1% for all doses and all insecticides. For each insecticide, 2 cups were prepared for the Slab as susceptible strain, and 4 cups for the tested population. 2 cups of tested populations were prepared without insecticide as control. In each cup, 20-30 larvae were added to 100ml of water. The lowest dose of insecticide killing all the Slab larvae (100% mortality) was then added to each cup (the doses have been found through bioassays on Slab strain larvae with various does of insecticide) : 2 mg.l -1 for propoxur, 0.0003 mg.l -1 for temephos, 0.005 mg.l -1 for permethrin, 0.01 g.l -1 for dieldrin and 0.003 mg.l - 1 for chlorpyrifos. We then recorded the mortality after 24 hours.

Arich S., Assaid N., Taki H., Weill M., Labbé P, & Sarih M. (2021). Distribution of insecticide resistance and molecular mechanisms involved in the West Nile vector Culex pipiens in Morocco. Pest management science, 77(3).

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Pesticide Residue Extraction Protocol

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Standards of lambda-cyhalothrin, permethrin, cypermethrin, beta-cy uthrin, alpha-HCH, beta-HCH, gamma-HCH, delta-HCH, p,p'-DDD, o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDE, alpha-and beta-endosulfan, tri uralin, chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos D10 were purchased from Dr Ehrenstorfer (Augsburg, Germany) with a purity of at least 99%. Florisil, anhydrous sodium sulfate Na 2 SO 4 and anhydrous MgSO 4 were from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). The C18 SPE cartridges (Chromabond, 6 mL, 1000 mg) were purchased from Macherey-Nagel. Hexane was of picograde quality and provided by Promochem (Wesel, Germany). Dichlomethane (DCM), diethyl ether, chloroform and ethyl acetate were all provided by VWR International (West Chester, Pennsylvania, USA). Falcon polypropylene graduated conical tubes (50 mL) with cap were commercially available from Greiner Bio-One (Germany). Acrodisc® 25 mm syringe lters (with 5 μm Versapor® membrane) were purchased from Pall Life Sciences (MI, USA) and hydrophilic single use syringe lters (0.2 µm pore size, Minisart) were from Sartorius (Goettingen, Germany). One hundred-milliliter ASE glass tubes with cap were from Greiner Bio-One (Germany).

Douny C., Zoumenou Y.M.B.G., Aïna M.P., Toko I.I., Igout A., Guedegba L., Chabi S., Kestemont P., & Scippo M. (2021). Contamination of Water, Sediment and Fish With Residues of Pesticides Used in Cotton Production in Northern Benin.

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Analytical Standards for Pesticide Quantification

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Standards of lambda-cyhalothrin, permethrin, cypermethrin, beta-cyfluthrin, alpha-HCH, beta-HCH, gamma-HCH, delta-HCH, p,p′-DDD, o,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDE, alpha-and beta-endosulfan, trifluralin, chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos D10 were purchased from Dr Ehrenstorfer (Augsburg, Germany) with a purity of at least 99%. Florisil, anhydrous sodium sulfate Na 2 SO 4 and anhydrous MgSO 4 were from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). The C18 SPE cartridges (Chromabond, 6 mL, 1000 mg) were purchased from Macherey-Nagel (Düren, Germany). Hexane was of picograde quality and provided by Promochem (Wesel, Germany). Dichloromethane (DCM), diethyl ether, chloroform and ethyl acetate were all provided by VWR International (West Chester, Pennsylvania, USA). Falcon polypropylene graduated conical tubes (50 mL) with cap were commercially available from Greiner Bio-One (Kremsmünster, Austria). Acrodisc® 25-mm syringe filters (with 5 μm Versapor® membrane) were purchased from Pall Life Sciences (NY, USA) and hydrophilic single-use syringe filters (0.2 µm pore size, Minisart) were from Sartorius (Goettingen, Germany). One hundred-milliliter ASE glass tubes with cap were from Greiner Bio-One (Kremsmünster, Austria).

Douny C., Zoumenou Y.M.B.G., Aïna M., Toko I.I., Igout A., Guedegba L., Chabi S.K., Kestemont P, & Scippo M.L. (2021). Contamination of Water, Sediment and Fish with Residues of Pesticides Used in Cotton Production in Northern Benin. Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology, 81(3).

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