Biosurfactant production was analyzed by periodic measurements of any changes in surface activity – ST and IFT of cell-free samples by ‘pendant drop method’ using the Drop Shape Analyzing system – DSA 100 (KRÜSS, Germany). The IFT measurements were done against n-heptane or n-hexadecane. Contact angles of the abiotic controls (un-inoculated media) and biosurfactants were measured using the Drop Shape Analysis System, DSA100 (KRÜSS, Germany), as reported by Al-Sulaimani et al. (2012) . All measurements were done in triplicates at ambient temperature (25 ± 2.0°C) and atmospheric pressure (1 atm) and the average values were reported. The CMD was estimated by measuring the ST and IFT at varying dilutions of the sample (Joshi et al., 2008a (link)).
Drop shape analysis system
Manufactured by Krüss
Sourced in Germany
The Drop Shape Analysis System is a laboratory instrument designed to measure the contact angle and surface tension of liquids on solid surfaces. The system captures high-resolution images of liquid droplets and analyzes their shape to provide precise measurements of these surface properties.
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Lab products found in correlation
Dsa100, by Krüss (1 mentions)
Av 400 mhz, by Bruker (1 mentions)
Optilab rex interferometric refractometer, by Wyatt Technology (1 mentions)
Labram hr, by Horiba (1 mentions)
Alpha se spectroscopic ellipsometer, by J.A. Woollam Co. (1 mentions)
Completeease software, by J.A. Woollam Co. (1 mentions)
6 protocols using drop shape analysis system
1
Biosurfactant Production Assessment
2
Surface Roughness and Wettability Analysis
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The surface roughness of fabricated samples was determined using a non-contact-mode atomic force microscope (AFM; XE-100, Parks System). Dimensions of the scan field of view were 5 μm × 5 μm (or 10 μm) depending on sample types. Commercially available AFM tips (radius of curvature ≤ 10 nm; PPP-NCHR, Parks System) were used in non-contact mode at a scan rate of 0.5 Hz, a tip height of 125 μm, and a constant force of 42 N/m. Water surface contact angles were measured using a Drop Shape Analysis System (Kruss, Germany) and corresponding DSA1 software (Kruss) under ambient conditions. The contact solvent was 3 μL of distilled water. All data were obtained 5 sec after placing the droplet on the respective surfaces.
3
Characterization of Fluorinated Polymers
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1H, 19F and 13C NMR spectra were recorded in CDCl3 or H2O-D2O (9:1) on a Bruker AV400 MHz (Billerica, MA, USA). Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) experiments were determined in chloroform using Shimadzu (Kyoto, Japan) LC-10AD pump with two Shodex GPC K-805 L columns (5 µm Mixte-C) using two PL aquagel-OH 40–30 columns (8 µm Mixte-C), at a concentration of 10 mg/mL. A Wyatt Technology (Santa Barbara, CA, USA) Optilab Rex interferometric refractometer was used as detector, and low polydispersity index polystyrene standards (3 × 104 – 2 × 106 g/mol) were used to calibrate the system. Grafting of fluorinated compounds was assessed by Raman spectroscopy using a Raman microscope LabRAMHR from Horiba Jobin Yvon (Longjumeau, France) equipped with a laser emitting at 633 nm. Water contact angle measurements were performed using the Drop Shape Analysis system on a Krüss goniometer (Villebon-sur-Yvette, France).
4
Contact Angle Measurement of Polymeric Films
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The contact angles (°) of two liquids, diiodomethane (apolar liquid) and glycerol (polar liquid), on polymeric films were measured at constant room temperature (22 °C) using a DSA G10 goniometer equipped with a drop shape analysis system (Krüss GmbH, Wolfsburg, Germany). To obtain contact angle values, the average of five measurements was calculated. The surface free energy and its polar and dispersive components were calculated using the Owens–Wendt method [68 (link)].
5
Contact Angle and Cell Culture on TCP, PDMS, and FNC
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The contact angles of TCPs, PDMS and FNC-coated PDMS were measured by a goniometer (Drop Shape Analysis System, KRUSS, Germany). For each of the measurements, a 50 µL water drop was generated on the surface using the commercial instrument at room temperature. Drop image was taken simultaneously by the camera of commercial instrument with perpendicular perspectives to each other. Contact angle measurements were performed three times at different locations on each surface.
After sterilization with UV light for 1 h, keratocytes were seeded and cultured on TCPs, PDMS and FNC-coated PDMS at the same cell density using RIFA + pCSE. The cells were incubated at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere at 5% CO2 for 2 days.
After sterilization with UV light for 1 h, keratocytes were seeded and cultured on TCPs, PDMS and FNC-coated PDMS at the same cell density using RIFA + pCSE. The cells were incubated at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere at 5% CO2 for 2 days.
6
Water Wettability and Monolayer Thickness
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The water wettability of monolayer modified SOS samples were measured using a Drop Shape Analysis System (Krüss DSA100, Germany). 1 µL of ultrapure water was carefully deposited onto the surface and three spots were measured on each sample and averaged.
An alpha-SE ® Spectroscopic Ellipsometer (J.A. Woollam Co. Inc., USA) and CompleteEASE software (J.A. Woollam Co. Inc., USA) for data collection and analysis were used to measure the thickness of monolayers on silicon surfaces. A He-Ne laser (632.8 nm) and an angle of incidence of 70˚ were adopted.
An alpha-SE ® Spectroscopic Ellipsometer (J.A. Woollam Co. Inc., USA) and CompleteEASE software (J.A. Woollam Co. Inc., USA) for data collection and analysis were used to measure the thickness of monolayers on silicon surfaces. A He-Ne laser (632.8 nm) and an angle of incidence of 70˚ were adopted.
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