Plumbagin was obtained from the LKT Laboratories (St. Paul, Minnesota, USA). Bradford solution was a product of Bio-Rad (Hercules, CA, USA). Eosin Y 1% aqueous solution and Mayer’s hematoxylin were from Bio Optica (Milan, Italy). Xylene and Permount® were bought from Fisher Scientific (Loughborough, UK). Alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST), bovine serum albumin, β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate reduced form (NADPH), xanthine oxidase, nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT), 5,5-dithio-bis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB), SOD, CAT, GSH reductase, malondialdehyde (MDA), thiobarbituric acid (TBA), and 4-vinylpyridine (4-VP) were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich Chemical (St. Louis, Missouri, USA). Ammonium molybdate and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were purchased from Ajax Finechem (Melbourne, Australia). Trichloroacetic acid (TCA) was a product of Loba Chemie (Mumbai, India). All other laboratory chemicals were of the highest purity from commercial suppliers.
4 vinylpyridine 4 vp
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany
4-vinylpyridine (4-VP) is a chemical compound that serves as a versatile laboratory reagent. It is a colorless to pale yellow liquid with a characteristic pyridine-like odor. 4-VP is commonly used as a monomer in the synthesis of various polymers and as a precursor in the production of other chemical compounds. Its core function is to provide a reactive vinyl group and a pyridine ring for further chemical transformations and reactions.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Xanthine oxidase, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Bovine serum albumin (bsa), by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Hydrogen peroxide h2o2, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (3 mentions)
Nitrotetrazolium blue chloride, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Oxidized glutathione, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Trizol, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Nitroblue tetrazolium, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Bradford solution, by Bio-Rad (1 mentions)
Eosin y 1 aqueous solution, by Bio-Optica (1 mentions)
Mayer s hematoxylin, by Bio-Optica (1 mentions)
Alanine transaminase, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
β nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate reduced form, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Gsh reductase, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Trichloroacetic acid tca, by Loba Chemie (1 mentions)
Malondialdehyde mda, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Thiobarbituric acid tba, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Permount, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Sinapinic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Methacrylic acid maa, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Caffeic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
10 protocols using 4 vinylpyridine 4 vp
1
Evaluation of Plumbagin's Antioxidant Potential
2
Wheat Protein Extraction and Characterization
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All wheat materials were provided by Australian Grain Research & Development Corporation. Australian Prime Hard (APH) variety Spitfire and Australian Hard (AH) variety Mace from the 2014–2015 APH field trial were harvested in Macalister of Queensland and Bellata of New South Wales, respectively. The unpolished maturity grain samples were ground whole for protein extraction. All solvents and chemicals used for sample preparation were either HPLC grade or analytical quality, unless stated otherwise. Dithiothreitol (DTT), trifluoracetic acid, 4-vinylpyridine (4VP) and acetonitrile, Sinapinic acid (SA) were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO, USA.
3
Extraction and Analysis of Phenolic Compounds from Green Coffee
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Standard QA (98%) was purchased from Alfa Aesar. Caffeic acid (CA) (98%), chlorogenic acid (CLA) (95%), acetonitrile (CAN) (HPLC grade; ≥9.99%), methanol (99.8%), absolute ethanol (EtOH) (≥99.5%), formic acid (reagent grade; ≥95%), glacial acetic acid (≥99.7%), methacrylic acid (MAA) (stabilized with hydroquinone monomethyl ether; ≥90.0%), 4-vinylpyridine (4-VP) (contains 100 ppm hydroquinone as inhibitor; 95%), ethylene glycol and dimethacrylate (EGDMA) (contains 90–100 ppm hydroquinone monomethyl ether as inhibitor; 98%) were obtained from Sigma Aldrich (Darmstadt, Germany). Ethyl acetate (EtOAc) (99.5%) was purchased from Alfa Chemical (India) and a purelab UHQ (ELGA) water purification system (High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire, UK) was used to obtain ultra-pure water. Empty polypropylene SPE 3 mL tubes with PE frits of 20 µm porosity were obtained from Supelco Inc. (Bellefonte, PA, USA).
Green coffee (C. arabica L.) beans were kindly supplied by Misr Coffee (10th of Ramadan Ind. City, Cairo, Egypt Industrial Company). The beans were mechanically ground and milled into size (40 mesh) for extraction and application steps. The obtained granules were completely dried using a hot air oven at a temperature of 38 °C for 2 h.
Green coffee (C. arabica L.) beans were kindly supplied by Misr Coffee (10th of Ramadan Ind. City, Cairo, Egypt Industrial Company). The beans were mechanically ground and milled into size (40 mesh) for extraction and application steps. The obtained granules were completely dried using a hot air oven at a temperature of 38 °C for 2 h.
4
Antioxidant Enzyme Assay Protocol
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Fructose syrup (55%) was purchased from Chao Khun Agro Products Co., Ltd. (Bangkok, Thailand). Bovine serum albumin (BSA), 5,5-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB), glutathione reductase, oxidized glutathione (GSSG), reduced glutathione (GSH), nitrotetrazolium blue chloride (NBT), reduced β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), standard malondialdehyde (MDA), standard superoxide dismutase (SOD) from bovine erythrocytes, 4-vinylpyridine (4-VP), and xanthine oxidase were from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was obtained from Fisher Scientific (Leicestershire, UK). 2-Thiobarbituric acid (TBA) was supplied by Fluka Chemika Co. (Steinheim, Switzerland). Trizol® was supplied by Invitrogen® (Carlsbad, CA, USA). ReverTraAce® and Taq DNA polymerase were purchased from Toyobo Co., Ltd. (Osaka, Japan) and Vivantis Technologies Sdn. Bhd. (Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia), respectively. The random primers and RNase inhibitor were products of Takara Bio Inc. (Shiga, Japan). The forward and reverse primers for CAT, CuZn-SOD, Mn-SOD, GPx, and GAPDH (Table 1 ) were synthesized by Bio Basic, Inc. (Markham, Ontario, Canada). All other laboratory chemicals were of the highest available purity from commercial suppliers.
5
Antioxidant Enzyme Activity Assay
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Bovine serum albumin (BSA), 5,5-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB), glutathione reductase, oxidized glutathione (GSSG), reduced glutathione (GSH), nitrotetrazolium blue chloride (NBT), reduced β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), standard malondialdehyde (MDA), standard superoxide dismutase (SOD) from bovine erythrocytes, 4-vinylpyridine (4-VP), and xanthine oxidase were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Leicestershire, UK). 2-Thiobarbituric acid (TBA) was purchased by Fluka Chemika Co. (Steinheim, Switzerland). Trizol® was purchased from Invitrogen® (Carlsbad, CA, USA).
6
Nanoparticle Synthesis for Bioactive Compound Extraction
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Ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1), ginsenoside Rb1 (Rb1), notoginsenoside R1 (R1), ursolic acid (UA), oleanolic acid (OA) were supplied by the National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products (Beijing, China). Poly (ethylene glycol)-block-poly (propylene glycol)-block-poly (ethyiene glycol) (P123), tetraethoxy silane (TEOS), tetrahydrofuran, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) and 4-vinylpyridine (4-VP) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). Acrylamide (AM), methacrylic acid (MAA) and 2,2-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) from Sinopharm (Shanghai, China). 3-Methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MPS) was obtained from Aladdin (Shanghai, China). Acetonitrile of HPLC grade was prepared from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Ultrapure water (18.2 MΩ cm) was produced using a Millipore water purification system (Merck Millipore, Darmstadt, Germany) and used for the entire experiment. All other chemicals used in this study were of the analytical reagent grade.
The powder of Panax notoginseng was donated by the Department of Pharmacognosy, Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing, China).
The powder of Panax notoginseng was donated by the Department of Pharmacognosy, Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing, China).
7
Preparation of 2,4,5-T-Imprinted Polymers
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The cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone (DMPA), ethylene dimethacrylate, (EDMA), sodium methanesulfonate (NaMS), tetramethylammonium chloride (TMAC), 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) and 4-vinylpyridine (4VP) were from Sigma–Aldrich–Fluka (Milan, Italy). The acetonitrile (MeCN, HPLC-gradient grade), acetic acid, polyethylenglycole 400 (PEG400), polyoxyethylene-(20)-sorbitan monolaurate (Tween 20) and sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) were from VWR International (Milan, Italy).
A 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid-imprinted polymer (MIP), not imprinted polymer (NIP) and ligand solutions were prepared as previously described [21 (link)].
A 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid-imprinted polymer (MIP), not imprinted polymer (NIP) and ligand solutions were prepared as previously described [21 (link)].
8
Synthesis of Functionalized Silica Nanoparticles
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Chloroauric acid (HAuCl4·3H2O, 99.9%), silver nitrate (AgNO3, AR grade), 4-vinylpyridine (4VP, 98%), tris[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]amine (Me6TREN, 99%), copper(i ) bromide (CuBr, 98%), 4-nitrophenol (4-NP, 99.5%), Rhodamine B(RhB, 98%) and sodium borohydride (NaBH4, 98%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS, 98%) and trichloro-[4-(chloromethyl)phenyl]silane (97%) were supplied from Alfa Aesar. Technical-grade ethanol, N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (THF) were purchased from WANQING Chemical Glass ware and Instrument Co., Ltd. (Nanjing, China).
9
Synthesis of Functional Polymers
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Styrene (ST), 4-vinylpyridine (4-VP), 2-(dodecylthiocarbonothioylthio)propionic acid and isopropyl alcohol (IPA) were supplied by Sigma Aldrich. All other chemicals and solvents, such as chloroform, cetane, hexane, cyclohexane, benzophenone (BP), acetic acid, muriatic acid, N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), and sodium hydroxide had purity of analytical grade.
10
Protein Alkylation and Mass Spectrometry Analysis
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Stf76 (50 μg) was denatured in 50 μl of a solution containing 20 mM sodium phosphate, 6 M guanidinium chloride pH 7.0 for 1 h at 25°C, in the absence of reducing agents. The protein was then subjected to alkylation by incubation of the sample in 0.12 M 4-vinyl-pyridine (4-VP) (Sigma-Aldrich) at 25°C for 60 min, after which time the reaction was terminated by quenching at 4°C. As a control, after denaturation, the protein was reduced before 4-VP alkylation. Then 0.2 μg of alkylated and control sample were run on a Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray-Mass Spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS) instrument. The molecular mass of the protein was estimated using electrospray mass spectra recorded on a Bio-Q triple quadrupole instrument (Micromass, Thermofinnigan, San Jose, CA, USA) as described previously (25 (link)).
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