880 weight scale

A digital scale (seca 880 weight scale, Seca Ltd., Hamburg, Germany) was used to measure participants’ nude body mass and an anastometer (seca 213 portable stadiometer, Seca Ltd., Hamburg, Germany) to measure their height. Body fat percentage was calculated using sex–age–Caucasian-specific formulae [27 (link)] after the thickness of seven skinfolds (chest, axilla, triceps, subscapular, abdomen, supra-iliac, and thigh) was measured (Harpenden Skinfold Caliper; Baty International, West Sussex, UK).

Weight and height will be self-reported by adults. For the children, measures will be taken by the survey staff using the same scales and stadiometers in the three survey centres (KaWe Height Measure, KaWe Kirchner & Wilhelm, and Seca 880 Weight Scale, Seca Ltd., for height and weight measurements, respectively). Body mass index (BMI) will be calculated as weight (kilograms)/height (square meters). Body composition in adults will be determined with the supplied wearable band. In children, it will be estimated by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (Hologic QDR series Discovery W densitometer, Hologic, Bedford, MA, USA).