Piperine standard

Piperine standard was acquired from Sigma Aldrich (Bangalore, India), Piperine API was procured from Yucca enterprises (Mumbai, India). Phospholipon 90G was procured from Lipoid (Ludwiashafen, Germany), sodium cholate was procured from DC Fine Chemicals (Mumbai, India), polyethylene glycol-400, methanol, chloroform span 60, and cholesterol were acquired from SD fine chemicals (Mumbai, India). Oxidative stress markers (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione, malondialdehyde) kits were acquired from Abcam, Cambridge (UK). Pentylenetetrazole was procured from Sigma Aldrich (Bangalore, India). All HPLC solvents were acquired from SD Fine chemicals (Mumbai, India).

The HPLC grade solvents, including methanol (Merck, Kenilworth, NJ, USA), acetonitrile (Merck), HPLC water grade (Merck) and acetic acid glacial (Fisher, Hampton, NH, USA), and the chemical reagents, including potassium chloride (Merck), sodium acetate anhydrous (Scharlau, Barcelona, Spain) and Folin-Ciocalteu reactant (Sigma–Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), were purchased from Dynamic Scientific Co. Ltd. (Phnom Penh, Cambodia). A piperine standard (>99%, Sigma-Aldrich) was purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (Brussels, Belgium).