Sordaria fimicola (Roberge ex Desm.) Ces. & De Not. (BCRC 33665) was obtained from the Bioresource Collection and Research Center (BCRC), Hsinchu, Taiwan and used as the experimental research strain in this study. Cultures of S. fimicola were grown on malt extract agar I [Blakeslee’s Formula; 2% malt extract (Himedia, India), 2% glucose, 0.1% peptone and 1.5% (or 2%) agar], and malt extract agar III [2% malt extract and 1.5% (or 2%) agar] was used to induce the formation of sexual reproductive structures. The compositions of malt extract agar I and III media were provided by the BCRC website as previously reported (Lin et al. 2006 ). Escherichia coli DH5α and Agrobacterium tumefaciens EHA105 strains were routinely maintained on Luria–Bertani (LB) medium (Sambrook and Russell 2001 ). E. coli and A. tumefaciens transformants harboring targeted plasmids were selected on LB containing either 100 µg/ml ampicillin or 100 µg/ml kanamycin.
Malt extract
Manufactured by HiMedia
Sourced in India
Malt extract is a syrupy concentrate derived from the malting process of cereal grains, primarily barley. It serves as a key ingredient used in the production of various food and beverage items, including beer, bread, and certain types of confectionery.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Yeast extract, by HiMedia (15 mentions)
Peptone, by HiMedia (12 mentions)
Potato dextrose agar (pda), by HiMedia (4 mentions)
Mycological peptone, by HiMedia (3 mentions)
Sucrose, by HiMedia (3 mentions)
Methyl gallate, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Maltose, by HiMedia (2 mentions)
Trehalose, by HiMedia (2 mentions)
Lactose, by HiMedia (2 mentions)
Ammonium sulphate, by HiMedia (2 mentions)
Trehalose, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Chloroform, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
2 2 diphenyl 1 picrylhydrazyl (dpph), by Merck Group (2 mentions)
2 2 azinobis 3 ethylbenzothiazoline 6 sulfonic acid (abts), by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Veratryl alcohol, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
2 6 dichlorophenolindophenol, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
2 6 dimethoxyphenol, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Epigallocatechin gallate (egcg), by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Tannic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Epigallocatechin, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
24 protocols using malt extract
1
Culturing and Transformation of Sordaria fimicola
2
Enzymatic Decolorization of Textile Dyes
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All chemicals were of analytical grade. Cellulose (microcrystalline) powder, malt extract, agar, yeast extract, and mycological peptone were purchased from Hi-Media Laboratories Pvt. Ltd. (Mumbai, India). All substrates (ABTS, 2,6-Dichlorophenol-indophenol or DCIP, 2,6-Dimethoxyphenol, Veratryl alcohol) used for measurement of enzyme activities were procured from Sigma-Aldrich Corp. (St. Louis, USA). Reactive blue (RB) 21, Reactive orange (RO) 16, Reactive red (RR) 198, Reactive violet (RV) 5 and Reactive yellow (RY) 42 were obtained from Department of Textile Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi India. The solvents were from J.T. Baker (U.S.A.).
3
Optimizing HPLC Analysis of Bioactive Compounds
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High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) grade EGCG, ECG, epigallocatechin (EGC), epicatechin (EC), and gallic acid (GA) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Tannic acid, methyl gallate, and propyl gallate were of analytical grade and purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. All chemicals used for buffer preparation, cations, and organic solvents were of analytical grade and obtained from RCI Labscan (Bangkok, Thailand). The medium ingredients used in this study, such as agar, yeast extract, peptone, and malt extract, were purchased from HiMedia (Nashik, India).
4
Yeast Growth on Diverse Carbohydrates
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Tannin (gallotannin) was purchased from LOBA Chemie (Mumbai, India), and methyl gallate was purchased from Sigma (Steinheim, Germany). Ingredients such as peptone, yeast extract, malt extract, and carbon sources such as glucose, galactose, sucrose, maltose, lactose, raffinose, and trehalose were purchased from HiMedia (Nashik, India). The genomic DNA of yeast was extracted using a Wizard® Genomic DNA purification kit (Promega Corp., Madison, WI, United States). Nucleic acid amplifications were performed using TaKaRa Ex Taq® (Shiga, Japan). Other reagents and solvents were of analytical grade.
5
Phenolic Substrate Extraction and Characterization
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Phenolic substrates including ferulic acid, gallic acid, syringaldehyde (SGA) and catechol were purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. 2,2′-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS) and Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250 were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. DEAE cellulose and Sephacryl (S-100) were acquired from Bio-Rad and Pharmacia, respectively. Basic chemicals, namely malt extract, ferrous sulphate, acrylamide, bis-acrylamide, ammonium persulphate, TEMED (N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl ethylenediamine), sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), Tris buffer, ammonium sulphate, glutamic acid, monopotassium phosphate, copper and zinc sulphate, were obtained from Himedia. The centrifugal concentrators were obtained from Amicon Millipore, while the dialysis tubing was from Thermo Fischer Scientific. The bundle of human hair was picked up from a local salon. The collected hairs belonged to the same person. All other chemicals used were of analytical grade.
6
Assessing Fungal Isolate Growth on Chestnut and Standard Media
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In this assay, the isolates G1, G2 and G3 were used. Growth parameters were evaluated in three media: potato dextrose agar (PDA, Biolife, Italy), malt extract agar (MEA, Himedia, Mumbai, India) and chestnut medium (MC). PDA and MEA were used as standard media for comparison purposes with previously reported data [9 ,11 (link)]. The media were prepared following the manufacturers’ instructions. MC was used as a model medium to mimic the chemical and nutritional conditions of chestnuts to better understand the isolates’ ecophysiology, in particular, the adaptability to chestnut as a substrate. For the preparation of MC, fresh and healthy chestnuts (balanced mix of the three varieties Judia, Longal and Martaínha) were cooked for 15 min in a microwave, shelled and blended using a kitchen blender in the proportion of 200 g per 1 L of distilled water. Agar was added at 2%, and the medium was autoclaved for 121 °C for 15 min.
7
Fungal Cultivation and DNA Extraction
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Mycological peptone, microbiological grade agar, malt extract and yeast extract were purchased from Himedia Laboratories (Mumbai, India); Dichloran Rose Bengal Chloramphenicol Agar (DRBC) and Czapek Dox Agar (CZ) ready prepared culture media were purchased from Oxoid (Basingstoke, U.K.); D(+) glucose was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany); salts (
were purchased form Carlo Erba Reagents S. r. l. (Milano, Italy); a DNA "Plant II" extraction kit was purchased from Macherey-Nagel (Düren, Germany); PCR master mix was purchased from Promega Corporation (Madison, Wisconsin, USA); an Exosap cleaning kit was purchased from Euroclone (Pero (MI), Italy).
were purchased form Carlo Erba Reagents S. r. l. (Milano, Italy); a DNA "Plant II" extraction kit was purchased from Macherey-Nagel (Düren, Germany); PCR master mix was purchased from Promega Corporation (Madison, Wisconsin, USA); an Exosap cleaning kit was purchased from Euroclone (Pero (MI), Italy).
8
Sophorolipid Biosynthesis from Candida bombicola
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Silk
fibers of Bombyx mori silkworm used
in this work were procured
from Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysuru,
India. Chemicals required in silk processing, i.e., NaHCO3 and lithium bromide, were procured from Merck and Sigma Aldrich,
respectively. Different media components used for yeast culture and
fermentation, namely, malt extract, glucose, yeast extract, and mycological
peptone as well as nutrient agar powder were obtained from Himedia,
India. Minor media components (salts) MgSO4, Na2HPO4, NaH2PO4, and (NH4)2SO4 were purchased from SRL, India. Lauric
acid (LA), used as a precursor for LASL production, was procured from
Loba Chemicals.
The sophorolipid product (LASL) was synthesized
using a non-pathogenic yeast Candida bombicola (ATCC 22214) maintained on MGYP medium slants (malt extract, 0.3
g %; glucose, 10 g %; yeast extract, 0.3 g %; mycological peptone,
0.5 g %) for growth at 28 °C and stored at 4 °C.
fibers of Bombyx mori silkworm used
in this work were procured
from Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysuru,
India. Chemicals required in silk processing, i.e., NaHCO3 and lithium bromide, were procured from Merck and Sigma Aldrich,
respectively. Different media components used for yeast culture and
fermentation, namely, malt extract, glucose, yeast extract, and mycological
peptone as well as nutrient agar powder were obtained from Himedia,
India. Minor media components (salts) MgSO4, Na2HPO4, NaH2PO4, and (NH4)2SO4 were purchased from SRL, India. Lauric
acid (LA), used as a precursor for LASL production, was procured from
Loba Chemicals.
The sophorolipid product (LASL) was synthesized
using a non-pathogenic yeast Candida bombicola (ATCC 22214) maintained on MGYP medium slants (malt extract, 0.3
g %; glucose, 10 g %; yeast extract, 0.3 g %; mycological peptone,
0.5 g %) for growth at 28 °C and stored at 4 °C.
9
Microbial Growth Media Formulation
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Malt extract, yeast extract, and peptone were obtained from Hi-Media Chemicals, India. Hammerstein casein was obtained from M/s Sisco Research Laboratories, India. Xylitol and trehalose were obtained from Sigma Chemical Co., USA. All other chemicals were of analytical grade.
10
Antioxidant Assays and Cytotoxicity Analysis
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Potato dextrose agar, malt extract, DPPH, ABTS, potassium persulphate, potassium ferricyanide, trichloroacetic acid, ferric chloride, nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT), phenazine methosulphate (PMS), ferrozine, cytochalasin-B, hydroxylamine hydrochloride, NADPH, and oxidized glutathione were purchased from Himedia, India. Ammonium molybdate was purchased from SRL, India. Bisphenol A was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, USA. All other reagents used in this study were of analytical grade.
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