Diethyl ether

Ethanol was supplied by Ethanol Supplies World Co. (Jeonju, Republic of Korea). Diethyl ether, n-butanol, methyl alcohol, anhydrous ethyl alcohol (99.9%), sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, acetic acid, citric acid, hydrochloric acid, and oxalic acid were purchased from Daejung Chemicals & Metals Co. (Siheung, Republic of Korea). 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, carbazole, galacturonic acid, gallic acid, and catechin were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Ascorbic acid was purchased from Reagent Duksan (Ansan, Republic of Korea). Aluminum chloride and sodium nitrite were obtained from Junsei Chemical (Tokyo, Japan). Ginsenosides standards such as Rg1, Re, Rf, Rg2, Rb1, Rc, Rb2, F1, Rd, F2, and Rg3 for HPLC analysis were supplied by Ambo Institute (Daejeon, Republic of Korea).

Biogenic amine standards (histamine dihydrochloride (HIS), tryptamine hydrochloride (TRP), 2-phenylethylamine (2-PHE), putrescine dihydrochloride (PUT), cadaverine dihydrochloride (CAD), tyramine hydrochloride (TYR), spermidine trihydrochloride (SPD), and spermine tetrahydrochloride (SPM)) and dansyl chloride were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Perchloric acid, 25% ammonium hydroxide solution, sodium hydroxide sodium hydrogen carbonate, and diethyl ether were acquired from Daejung Chemical Co. (Siheung, Korea). Acetone and acetonitrile (High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) grade) were purchased from Tedia Co. (Fairfield, OH, USA). Compound mixtures of amino acids, borate buffer, o-phthalaldehyde (OPA) and 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl chloride (FMOC-Cl) were obtained from Agilent Technologies (Andover, MA, USA).

Poly(ethylene imine) 1.8 kDa (branched, PEI_1.8k) and l-glutathione (GSH) were purchased from Alfa Aesar (Haverhill, MA, USA). H-Lys(Z)-OH (Lys(Z)), l-Glutamic acid γ-benzyl ester (BGlu), trifluoroacetic acid, triphosgene, hydrobromic acid solution (33 wt% in acetic acid), agarose, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), sodium chloride, and tris base were purchased Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). D₂O and trifluoroacetic acid-D were purchased Cambridge Isotope Laboratories (Tewksbury, MA, USA). Tetrahydrofuran was purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry (Tokyo, Japan). Doxorubicin (DOX) was purchased from Tocris Bioscience (Bristol, UK). Diethyl ether and n-hexane were purchased from Daejung (Siheung, Korea). Thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide was purchased from Gold Bio (St. Louis, MO, USA). Dulbecco’s Modified Eagles’ Medium (1X) + GlutaMAX-1 (DMEM), Dulbecco’s Phosphate Buffered Saline (DPBS), 0.25% Trypsin-EDTA, fetal bovine serum (FBS), and Penicillin-Streptomycin (Pen Strep, P/S) were purchased from Invitrogen-Gibco (Carlsbad, CA, USA). All other chemicals were purchased and used without any further purification.

ACVA, bis[3(triethoxysilyl)propyl]amine (95%, Gelest Inc.; Morrisville, PA, USA), phosphorus pentachloride (98%, Sigma-Aldrich Corp, Seoul, Republic of Korea), and triethylamine (TEA, 98%, Duksan General Chemical Co.; Seoul, Republic of Korea) were used as reagents, and dichloromethane (DCM, 99%, Duksan General Chemical Co.; Seoul, Republic of Korea) was used as a solvent. N-hexane (95%, Duksan General Chemical Co.; Seoul, Republic of Korea) and diethyl ether (99%, Daejung Chemicals & Metals Co.; Republic of Korea) were used for purification.

Standard of fatty acid methyl esters (37 components FAME mix), BF₃-methanol (10%, w/w), pyrogallol and α-tocopherol (≥96%, HPLC) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). C11:0 triundecanoin as triglyceride internal standard was obtained from Nu-Chek Prep, Inc. (Elysian, MN, USA). β-carotene (≥95%, HPLC) was provided by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd. (Osaka, Japan). Anhydrous sodium sulfate and 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT) were from Junsei Chemical Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). KOH, NaCl, diethyl ether, hexane, ethyl acetate, ethanol, chloroform, and petroleum ether were analytical grade and acquired from Daejung Chemicals & Metals Co., Ltd. (Shiheung, South Korea). HPLC grade of chloroform, hexane, methanol, and iso-propanol were obtained from Fisher scientific Korea Ltd. (Seoul, Republic of Korea).