The methods used for the in vivo extracellular recordings are described in detail elsewhere [31 (link)]. Briefly, extracellular single-unit recordings of the superficial dorsal horn (lamina II) neurons were performed as follows: recordings were conducted using superficial dorsal horn neurons at the depths of 20 to 150 µm from the surface. Unit signals were acquired using an amplifier (EX1; Dagan Corporation, Minneapolis, MN, USA). The data were digitized with an analog-to-digital converter (Digidata 1400A; Molecular Devices, Union City, CA, USA) and analyzed with Clampfit (version 10.2; Molecular Devices, Union City, CA, USA). To determine the site of stimulation, we searched for sites where tactile stimuli on the skin (debrided cotton) or unpleasant plucking stimuli (forceps) caused a neural response. For mechanical stimulation, the skin was bent with thin vFFs, and bending forces of 5.88, 9.8, 13.72, 39.2, 58.8, 78.4, 147, 255 mN (0.6, 1.0, 1.4, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0, 15.0, 26.0 g) were applied, respectively. Stimulation was applied for 10 s at the maximum response point of each receptive field in the ipsilateral hindlimb. For the lidocaine evaluation, 0.5% lidocaine (AstraZeneca Japan, Osaka, Japan) was administered at the vFF stimulation site.
Lidocaine
Manufactured by AstraZeneca
Sourced in Japan, Sweden, United Kingdom, United States, Germany
Lidocaine is a local anesthetic medication used to numb a specific area of the body. It works by blocking the signals that tell the brain about pain in that area.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Rnalater, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (6 mentions)
Xylazine, by Bayer (5 mentions)
Prilocaine, by AstraZeneca (5 mentions)
Bpx 30, by Bayer (2 mentions)
Achieva, by Philips (2 mentions)
Fluorinert, by 3M (2 mentions)
Tyramine, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Emla cream, by AstraZeneca (2 mentions)
Adrenaline, by AstraZeneca (2 mentions)
Magnevist, by Bayer (1 mentions)
Xylocaine, by AstraZeneca (1 mentions)
Spectris mr injection system, by Bayer (1 mentions)
Xylocain, by AstraZeneca (1 mentions)
Terazosin, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Neoflon, by BD (1 mentions)
Penicillin and streptomycin, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Dulbecco modified eagle medium (dmem), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Fetal bovine serum (fbs), by Corning (1 mentions)
Clampfit version 10, by Molecular Devices (1 mentions)
Digidata 1400a, by Molecular Devices (1 mentions)
36 protocols using lidocaine
1
In vivo Extracellular Recordings of Dorsal Horn Neurons
2
Multiparametric MRI Protocol for Prostate Imaging
3
Nasal Spray Comparison Study
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This prospective, randomized, double-blind study was approved by the local ethics committee. After obtaining informed consents, 20 healthy volunteers were enrolled. Exclusion criteria were asthma, cardiovascular disease, rhinitis, severe septal deviation, and a history of nasal endoscopic examination.
Four spray bottles of similar external appearance were prepared and numbered; two of the bottles contained normal saline (NS; 0.9% sodium chloride), one contained Iliadin (0.05% oxymetazoline; Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), and one contained Xylocaine (10% lidocaine; AstraZeneca, Södertälje, Sweden). The nurse who prepared the bottles was the only person who was aware of the contents of the bottles.
Four binary combinations of sprays were applied in each subject’s nostrils in a random order on four different days. In each day, two puffs (one puff per bottle; 0.1 mg oxymetazoline for Iliadin, 20 mg lidocaine for Xylocaine) were applied to both nostrils by the same clinical nurse. All four combinations were applied to each subject to reduce the bias of subjective evaluation and eliminate individual differences. The application and evaluation processes were identical for each combination (Fig. 1 ).
Four spray bottles of similar external appearance were prepared and numbered; two of the bottles contained normal saline (NS; 0.9% sodium chloride), one contained Iliadin (0.05% oxymetazoline; Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), and one contained Xylocaine (10% lidocaine; AstraZeneca, Södertälje, Sweden). The nurse who prepared the bottles was the only person who was aware of the contents of the bottles.
Four binary combinations of sprays were applied in each subject’s nostrils in a random order on four different days. In each day, two puffs (one puff per bottle; 0.1 mg oxymetazoline for Iliadin, 20 mg lidocaine for Xylocaine) were applied to both nostrils by the same clinical nurse. All four combinations were applied to each subject to reduce the bias of subjective evaluation and eliminate individual differences. The application and evaluation processes were identical for each combination (
4
Implant Biocompatibility Testing Protocol
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After micro-CT and SEM/EDX sample analysis, the samples were tested using immersed test. The saline (0.9% NaCl) and SBF 16) solution in the amount of 60% of a rat's body weight per sample were prepared. A total of 24 samples were prepared and immersed in the saline solution and SBF in 40 mL plastic vials and incubated in an oven at 37.0°C. Considering the urination and water feed per day, a part (10% of total volume) of each solution was exchanged to fresh solution every day. Four groups with and without the exchange of saline and SBF were anesthesia with an intra-abdominal injection of 25-35 mg/kg pentobarbital sodium salt (Tokyo Kasei, Tokyo, Japan). An injection of 2% lidocaine (Astra Zeneca, Osaka, Japan) containing 1:80000 epinephrine was administered into the surgical site. Five sample plates were implanted into the following five different sites in each rat: tibia (under periosteum), head (cephalic) (under periosteum), back (into adipose tissue), abdominal cavity, and femur (intramuscular) (Fig. 1). The five implantation sites were selected with reference to local primary blood flow, water content, and local mobility (Table 1) 7) . Postoperative monitoring included daily evaluations of surgical incisions and well-being of the rats over the 4-week follow-up period.
5
Fetal Bovine Tissue Collection
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In total, 11 fetuses were obtained from the cows through cesarean section at the Kagoshima University Veterinary Teaching Hospital. The fetuses were euthanized by exsanguination at day 260 ± 8.3 of gestation, after injecting 200 mg of lidocaine (AstraZeneca, Osaka, Japan) into the jugular vein. Fetal BW and body length were recorded. The fetuses were dissected to collect the skeletal muscles and adipose tissues for subsequent analysis. The LT muscle was collected from the right side of the carcass, frozen with liquid nitrogen, or soaked in RNAlater® (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Tokyo, Japan), and stored at −80 °C for further analyses.
6
Endorectal MRI Imaging Protocol
7
Muscle Biopsy for Gene Expression
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Skeletal muscle tissues from the M. longissimus lumborum (LL) and M. semitendinosus (ST) of both groups were obtained by biopsy at 19, 22 and 28 months of age for gene expression analysis. The biopsy procedure was as follows: the animal was locally anesthetized by intramuscular injection of xylazine (Bayer, Tokyo, Japan) and subcutaneous injection of lidocaine (AstraZeneca, Osaka, Japan). An incision was subsequently made in the skin overlying the LL and ST muscles (Shibata et al., 2006 ). All biopsy samples were rapidly frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80°C until RNA extraction.
8
Vastus Lateralis Muscle Biopsy
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Subjects reported to the laboratory in the morning after an overnight fast. After 15 min of rest in the supine position, a 3 mm incision was made over the lateral portion of the thigh under local anesthesia (2 ml lidocaine without epinephrine, 20 mg/ml Xylocain; AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals), and a biopsy was obtained from m. vastus lateralis using a percutaneous Bergstrom needle with suction.
9
Fetal Liver Sampling Protocol
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The fetuses were euthanized by exsanguination at day 260 ± 8.3 of gestation, after injecting lidocaine (AstraZeneca, Osaka, Japan) into the jugular vein. Liver samples were collected from the right side of the dissected fetal carcass, frozen with liquid nitrogen or soaked in RNAlater® (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Tokyo, Japan), and stored at −80 °C until used for subsequent analyses.
10
Vascular Reactivity to Adrenergic Stimuli
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