Sodium hydrogen carbonate

Two strains of known phenol-degrading bacteria, Pseudomonas mendocina (P. mendocina) (NCIMB 13264) and Rhodococcus koreensis (Rh. koreensis) (NCIMB 13709) were supplied by the National Collection of Industrial, Food and Marine Bacteria (NCIMB), U.K. Tryptone soya broth (TSB), tryptone soya agar (TSA) and phosphate buffered saline (PBS) were purchased from Oxoid Ltd, U.K. Phenol, sodium hydrogen carbonate, sodium chloride, glycerol, ammonium chloride, thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT, 98%), Live/Dead Bac Light kit (catalogue number: L7007) were purchased from Fisher Scientific Co., UK. Other chemicals, including 4-aminoantipyrine, glutaraldehyde, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) (86.7–88.7%) (M_w 67 000), polyethyleneimine, linear (M_w 423), Pur-A-Lyzer TM Mega 1000 Dialysis Kit (1 kDa and 14 kDa pore size) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (U.K.). Potassium ferricyanide and ammonium hydroxide were purchased from Acros Organics (U.K.).

Amoxicillin, carbenicillin, imipenem and meropenem were purchased from Melonepharma Co. (Dalian, China). Piperacillin and oxacillin were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA) while isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG), ampicillin and kanamycin were purchased from IBI Inc (Boca Raton, FL, USA). Sodium hydrogen carbonate was purchased from Fisher Chemical (Waltham, MA, USA). Luria broth (LB) was purchased from BD Co (Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) while Muller-Hinton broth (MHB) was purchased from OXOID Co (Hampshire, UK).

All chemicals used in this study were of the highest purity.
Erythromycin, 1,1dimethylbiguanide hydrochloride (metformin), gemfibrozil, p-nitrophenyl phosphate, disodium salt, hexahydrate (pNPP), and calcium chloride dihydrate were purchased from Thermo Scientific. Trimethoprim, diclofenac sodium, gabapentin, and carbamazepine were purchased from Acros Organics. Amoxicillin, albumin from bovine serum (BSA), L-glutathione reduced (GSH), 1-chloro,24-dinitrobenzene (CDNB), potassium chloride, 2-nitrophenyl-β-D-galactopyranoside (ONPG), p-nitrophenyl butyrate (pNPB) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich. L-Leucine-4-nittoanilide, beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reduced (NADH) were purchased from Alfa Aesar. Sodium pyruvate, magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, and sodium hydrogen carbonate were purchased from Fisher Scientific.

GABA, Glu, dansyl chloride, and sodium acetate were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co. Ltd. (St Louis, MO, USA). MEthanol and acetone were obtained from Fisher Scientific UK Ltd. Ethanol and sodium hydrogencarbonate were delivered from a local distributor from Sofia, Bulgaria. Demineralized water was used for the experiments.

The standard Cu solution for the ICP-MS is provided by SCP-Science: ICP Standard Cu 50,000 ug/mL 140-041-295 SCP Science. The dialysate solution used for the experiment is the Hemosol B0 produced by Baxter. The other chemicals used for the preparation of the copper II solution is the sodium chloride (purity > 99.8%, CAS 7647-14-5) provided by Carl Roth, the sodium hydrogen carbonate (analytical reagent grade, CAS 144-55-8) provided by Fisher Chemical and the citric acid (ACS reagent > 99.5%, CAS 77-92-9) provided by Merck.

LC–MS grade methanol (Dorset, UK), LC–MS grade acetonitrile (Rehovot, Israel), hydrochloric acid (37 %, v/v) (Steinheim, Germany), formic acid (Steinheim, Germany) were acquired from Sigma-Aldrich. Ultrapure water (resistance of 18.3 MΩ cm) was generated from a Millipore Milli-Q water purification system (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA). Calcium chloride diydrate (Acros Organics, Loughborough, UK), magnesium sulfate (Sigma-Aldrich, Steinheim, Germany), potassium chloride (Alfa Aesar, Heysham, UK) and sodium hydrogen carbonate (Fisher Scientific, Loughborough, UK) were used to prepare artificial freshwater at concentrations of at 80, 12, 3 and 17 mg L⁻¹, respectively. A list of all 135 reference standard materials and 27 stable isotope labelled internal standards (SIL-IS) is given in the supplementary information. Working standards (either using 1.0 mg mL⁻¹ or 0.1 mg mL⁻¹ reference standards and as the free base form for HCl salts) were prepared in methanol or acetonitrile and stored in silanised amber vials (20 mL) at −20 °C.