Spiro ometad solution

Fluorine-doped SnO₂ (FTO) substrates were obtained from Dalian HeptaChroma Solar Technology Development Corp (Dalian, China). N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were purchased from Sa’en Chemical Technology Corp (Shanghai, China). PbI₂, 18NR-T TiO₂ paste (mp-TiO₂), acidic titanium dioxide solution (bl-TiO₂), Methylammonium iodide (MAI), and isopropyl alcohol (IPA) were purchased from Shanghai MaterWin New Materials Corp, (Shanghai, China). Spiro-OMeTAD solution was purchased from Xi’an Polymer Light Technology Corp (Xi’an, China).

Fluorine-doped SnO₂ (FTO) as substrate of perovskite thin films was purchased from Shanghai MaterWin New Materials Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). The N, N-dimethyl formamide (DMF) and the Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were purchased from Alfa Aesar (China) Corp. (Shanghai, China). The isopropanol (IPA) and the chlorobenzene, the acid titanium dioxide solution (bl-TiO₂) and the 18NR-T TiO₂ (mp-TiO₂) were purchased from Shanghai MaterWin New Materials Corp. (Shanghai, China). The Methylammonium iodide (MAI) and the Spiro-OMeTAD solution, the PbI₂ and the NaI were purchased from Xi’an Polymer Light Technology Corp. (Xi’an, China). The gold-plated electrode metal was produced by Beijing Zhongjinyan New Material Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China).

Fluorine-doped SnO₂ (FTO) substrates were purchased from Dalian HeptaChroma Solar Technology Development Corp (Dalian, China). Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) were obtained from Sa’en Chemical Technology Corp (Shanghai, China). 18NR-T TiO₂ paste (M-TiO₂), isopropyl alcohol (IPA), PbI₂, chlorobenzene, and acidic titanium dioxide solution (C-TiO₂) were obtained from Shanghai MaterWin New Materials Corp (Shanghai, China). Spiro-OMeTAD solution, Methylammonium iodide (MAI), and KI were obtained from Xi’an Polymer Light Technology Corp (Xi’an, China).