Mdp tlrl mdp

Ultrapure lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (tlrl-3pelps), flagellin (Salmonella typhimurium) (tlrl-stfla), and MDP (tlrl-mdp) were from Invivogen (San Diego, CA, USA). The poly(dA:dT) (P0883) and ATP (A2383) were from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). The Z-VAD-FMK (2163) was from Tocris Bioscience (Minneapolis, MN, USA). The following antibodies were used: polyclonal rabbit anti-caspase-1 for mouse caspase-1 (1:1000) (SC-514, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX, USA); polyclonal goat anti-IL-1β for mouse IL-1β (1:1000) (AF-401-NA, R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA); polyclonal rabbit anti-ASC for mouse ASC (1:1000) (ADI-905-173-100, Enzo Life Sciences, Farmingdale, NY, USA); and monoclonal mouse anti-β-actin (1:5000) (A5316, Sigma-Aldrich).

Tryptic soy broth (22092) and tryptic soy agar (22091) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. MDP (tlrl-mdp) was obtained from InvivoGen. MPO antibody (Ab-9535) was purchased from Abcam and was used at 1:25 dilution for immunohistochemistry. OxiSelect™ In Vitro ROS/RNS Assay Kit (STA-347) was obtained from Cell Biolabs, Inc. (San Diego, USA). Beta defensin 2 ELISA kit (MBS2602457) was purchased from MyBiosource. All reagents were used according to manufacturer’s instructions.

LPS (Escherichia coli LPS 0111:B4; #L4391), 2DG (#D8375), C16 (#I9785), A438079 (#A9736) and lactate (lactic acid, #L6661) were obtained from Sigma (St Louis, MO, USA). Shikonin (#CAS 517-89-5) was obtained from Millipore Corporation (Billerica, MA, USA). ATP (#tlrl-atp), poly(dA:dT)/LyoVec (#tlrl-patc), LyoVec (#lyec-12), MDP (#tlrl-mdp) and flagellin (#tlrl-stfla) were obtained from InvivoGen (San Diego, CA, USA). Purified nucleosome (#16-0002) was obtained from EpiCypher (Research Triangle Park, NC, USA)