A W-precursor solution was prepared by adding tungstic ac id (H2WO4, ≥99%, Sigma Aldrich, Overijse, Belgium) and citric acid hydrate (CA, ≥99%, Sigma Aldrich, Overijse, Belgium) to a round bottom flask, dispersed with a small amount of water. The H2WO4 to CA ratio was 1:4. This yellow suspension was stirred and heated at 120 °C for 2 h under reflux conditions. Subsequently, the pH was raised to pH > 12 with ammonia (NH3, 32%, Merck, Overijse, Belgium) and left to stir for 24 h. After cooling, a transparent, grey colored solution was obtained. The final pH was 8, with a concentration of 0.35 mol·L−1, as was determined by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES, Optima 3300, PerkinElmer, Zaventem, Belgium). Before ultrasonic spray deposition, the precursor was diluted and mixed with ethanol (10:9 water/ethanol volume ratio) to yield a 25 mM concentration [20 ,21 (link)].
Tungstic ac id h2wo4
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in Belgium, Germany
Tungstic acid (H2WO4) is a chemical compound that is a key component in various laboratory applications. It is a white, crystalline solid that is soluble in water and other polar solvents. Tungstic acid's core function is to serve as a precursor for the synthesis of other tungsten-based compounds and materials used in research and analysis.
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Lab products found in correlation
Optima 3300, by PerkinElmer (1 mentions)
Citric acid hydrate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Ammonia nh3, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Graphite rod, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Aluminum nitrate nonahydrate al no3 3 9h2o, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Potassium bromide kbr, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate nh4h2po4, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Potassium chloride (kcl), by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Glycerin, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Ethanol c2h5oh, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
2 protocols using tungstic ac id h2wo4
1
Synthesis of Tungsten Oxide Precursor
2
Synthesis of Inorganic Compounds Using Analytical Reagents
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The analytical grade chemicals and materials, such as potassium chloride (KCl, Sigma, Germany), potassium bromide (KBr, Sigma-Aldrich, Germany), sulphuric acid (H2SO4, Merck, Germany), ethanol (C2H5OH, Merck, Germany), poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVdF, Sigma-Aldrich, Germany), tungstic acid (H2WO4, Sigma, Japan), ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (NH4H2PO4, Sigma, Japan), chromium(iii ) nitrate nonahydrate (Cr(NO3)3·9H2O, Merck, Germany), iron(iii ) nitrate nonahydrate (Fe(NO3)3·9H2O, Merck, Germany), aluminum nitrate nonahydrate (Al(NO3)3·9H2O, Merck, Germany) as a source of trivalent cations, glycerin (Sigma-Aldrich, Germany), and graphite rods (Alfa Aesar, USA), were used without further purification. Distilled water was passed through HPLC grade water purification systems (BOECO, BOE 8082060, Germany) to yield de-ionized water (conductivity: 0.055 μS cm−1 at 25.0 °C) for use throughout the experiments.
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