Mpep hydrochloride

Manufactured by Bio-Techne

Sourced in United Kingdom, United States

MPEP hydrochloride is a chemical compound commonly used in research applications. It serves as a buffer solution to maintain a specific pH level in laboratory experiments and procedures.

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Close spelling variants of this product

2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl) pyridine hydrochloride (MPEP) (6 citations)

6 protocols using mpep hydrochloride

Optimized Protocol for In Vivo and Ex Vivo Drug Delivery

Cited 2 times

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Um-PEA (0.8–6.0 μm) was kindly provided by EPITECH Group SpA, Saccolongo (PD). MPEP hydrochloride was purchased from Tocris Bioscience (Bristol, UK). MDCPG was purchased from Hello Bio (Bristol, UK). Drugs were dissolved in 0.05% dimethylsulfoxide in artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF) on the day of the experiment. The dose of drugs was chosen according to our and otherin vivoandex vivostudies [17 (link),18 (link),27 (link),33 (link),47 (link),67 (link),74 (link),75 (link),76 (link)].

Boccella S., Marabese I., Iannotta M., Belardo C., Neugebauer V., Mazzitelli M., Pieretti G., Maione S, & Palazzo E. (2019). Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 5 and 8 Modulate the Ameliorative Effect of Ultramicronized Palmitoylethanolamide on Cognitive Decline Associated with Neuropathic Pain. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 20(7), 1757.

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Pharmacological Modulation of Microglial Lipid Signaling

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To block voltage-gated sodium channels, 1 μM Tetrodotoxin (Cat#1078; Tocris) was applied to the media before electrostimulation of spheroids. Control cells were treated with DMSO as vehicle. The following drugs and final concentrations were applied for pharmacological blockade on iMGLs exposed to spheroid conditioned media: 100 μM AR-C 66096 Tetrasodium Salt (Cat#3321; Tocris), 200 μM (+)-MK 801 Maleate (Cat#0924; Tocris), 200 μM PPADS Tetrasodium Salt (Cat#0625; Tocris), 200 μM MPEP Hydrochloride (Cat#1212; Tocris), 50 μM L-AP4 (Cat#0103; Tocris), 10 μM YM 58483 (BTP2) (Cat#3939; Tocris), 10 μM CNQX Disodium Salt (Cat#1045; Tocris), 50 μM D-AP5 (APV) (Cat#0106; Tocris), 100 μM PTX (Picrotoxin) (Cat#1128; Tocris). To induce lipid accumulation, 20 μM Oleic Acid (Cat# 03008; Sigma-Aldrich) was applied overnight to iMGLs, control cells were treated with 0.1% BSA as vehicle. 1 μM Triacsin C (Cat#10007448; Cayman Chemical) was applied to iMGLs overnight to deplete lipid accumulation.

Victor M.B., Leary N., Luna X., Meharena H.S., Scannail A.N., Bozzelli P.L., Samaan G., Murdock M.H., von Maydell D., Effenberger A.H., Cerit O., Wen H.L., Liu L., Welch G., Bonner M, & Tsai L.H. (2022). Lipid accumulation induced by APOE4 impairs microglial surveillance of neuronal-network activity. Cell stem cell, 29(8), 1197-1212.e8.

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Neurochemical Reagents for Research

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Flupenthixol dihydrochloride, CGP54626 hydrochloride, suramin hexasodium salt, AM 251, D-AP5, CNQX disodium salt, LY367385, MPEP hydrochloride, and Tetrodotoxin (TTX) were purchased from Tocris Bioscience. Picrotoxin was purchased from Indofine Chemical Company (Hillsborough, NJ). Fluo-4-AM from Molecular Probes (Eugene, OR). All other drugs were purchased from Sigma.

Nanclares C., Poynter J., Martell-Martinez H.A., Vermilyea S., Araque A., Kofuji P., Lee M.K, & Covelo A. (2023). Dysregulation of astrocytic Ca2+ signaling and gliotransmitter release in mouse models of α-synucleinopathies. Acta Neuropathologica, 145(5), 597-610.

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Pharmacological Modulation of Synaptic Plasticity

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DL-2-amino-5-phosphono-pentanoic acid (D-AP5, 50 μM; Tocris, Ellisville, MO, USA) and 2-Methyl-6-(phenylethynyl) pyridine hydrochloride (MPEP hydrochloride, 10 μM; Tocris) were dissolved directly in the extracellular solution and bath applied. N-(piperidin-1-yl)-5-(4-iodophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide (AM251, 3 μM; Tocris), picrotoxin (50 μM; Sigma), 1,4-Dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid 2-methyloxyethyl 1-methylethyl ester (nimodipine, 1 μM; Tocris) and (2E)-N-(2,3-Dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)-3-[4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenyl]-2-propenamide (AMG9810, 1 μM; Tocris) were dissolved in ethanol and then added in the external solution at a final concentration of ethanol of 0.01%–0.1%. N-[2-(4-Chlorophenyl)ethyl]-1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-2H-2-benzazepine-2-carbothioamide (capsazepine, 10 μM; Tocris) and (E)-N-[(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-8-methyl-6-nonenamide (capsaicin, 10 μM; Tocris) were dissolved in DMSO and then added in the external solution at a final concentration of DMSO of 0.001 and 0.0025, respectively. Tetrahydrolipstatin (THL, 10 μM; Sigma) was dissolved in DMSO (0.08%) and applied internally via the patch-clamp pipette. DMSO (0.08%), the vehicle used to dilute i-THL, did not preclude the tLTP induced with 10 post-pre pairings (Cui et al., 2015 (link)).

Cui Y., Perez S, & Venance L. (2018). Endocannabinoid-LTP Mediated by CB1 and TRPV1 Receptors Encodes for Limited Occurrences of Coincident Activity in Neocortex. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience, 12, 182.

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Neuromodulatory Receptor Ligands

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Kynurenic acid, MK-801, DNQX, GABA, sulpiride, hexamethonium, SR142948, H89, and phosphatase inhibitor cocktails 2 and 3 were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Staurosporine, SR48692, CGP55845, AM 251, JNJ 16259685, and MPEP hydrochloride were purchased form Tocris Bioscience. Calphostin C was purchased from Cayman Chemical. The active fragment NT_8–13 was purchased from American Peptide Company.

Tschumi C.W, & Beckstead M.J. (2018). Neurotensin speeds inhibition of dopamine neurons through temporal modulation of GABAA and GABAB receptor-mediated synaptic input. Neuropharmacology, 131, 414-423.

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Characterization of Pharmacological Compounds

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2-Bromo-α-ergocryptine methanesulfonate salt (BRM) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Aprepitant was obtained from Selleck. All the other compounds tested were purchased from Tocris Biosciences, including SCH 23390 hydrochloride, rotigotine hydrochloride, sumanirole maleate, B-HT 920, Ro 10-5824 dihydrochloride, YM 202074, cinnabarinic acid, MTP, ICI 118,551 hydrochloride, GS 6201, PSB 1115, SC 19220, CP 154526, L-733060, CP 96345, TAM, DOX, A 412997 dihydrochloride, AMN 082 dihydrochloride, SKF 97541, Rac BHFF, SEW 2871, purmorphamine, (R)-(−)-α-methylhistamine dihydrobromide, methimepip dihydrobromide, VU 0155041 sodium salt, antalarmin hydrochloride, NBI 35965 hydrochloride, BQ 788 sodium salt, BAY36-7620, 3-MATIDA, MPEP hydrochloride, MRS 1754, SC 51322, SC 19220, and JTE 013.

Chen Y., Palczewska G., Masuho I., Gao S., Jin H., Dong Z., Gieser L., Brooks M.J., Kiser P.D., Kern T.S., Martemyanov K.A., Swaroop A, & Palczewski K. (2016). Synergistically acting agonists and antagonists of G protein–coupled receptors prevent photoreceptor cell degeneration. Science signaling, 9(438), ra74.

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