2 aminoanthracene 2 aa

Tester microorganisms used in the Ames test included Salmonella typhimurium strains TA100, TA1535, TA98, and TA1537 (provided by Dr Bruce N. Ames, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA) and Escherichia coli WP2uvrA (provided by the National Institute of Technology and Evaluation, Chiba, Japan).
Water for injection was used as a negative control for all test microorganisms. The following compounds were employed as positive controls in studies conducted according to the preincubation method without metabolic activation: 2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl) acrylamide (AF-2) (FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical, Lot No. CAH4001) at 0.01 µg/plate for TA100 and WP2uvrA and at 0.1 µg/plate for TA98, 0.5 µg/plate of sodium azide (NaN₃) (FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical, Lot No. RSJ7863) for TA1535, and 80 µg/plate of 9-aminoacridine hydrochloride (9-AA) (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA, Lot No. BCBW4667) for TA1537. In assays conducted using the same method in the presence of metabolic activation, 2-aminoanthracene (2-AA) (FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical, Lot No. PTL0822) was used as the positive control at the following concentrations: 0.5 µg/plate for TA98, 1.0 µg/plate for TA100, 2.0 µg/plate for TA1535 and TA1537, and 10 µg/plate for WP2uvrA.

2-Aminoanthracene (2-AA) and 2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-acrylamide (AF-2) were obtained from Wako pure chemicals (Osaka, Japan). Aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁), β-carotene, lycopene, resorufin, ethoxyresorufin and methoxyresorufin, erythromycin, cytochrome C, reduced glutathione, and 2, 6-dichlorophenolindolephenol (DCPIP) were provided by Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Uridine-5′-diphosphoglucuronic acid was purchased from US Biological (Salem, MA, USA). Collagenase type IV and 4′-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) were acquired from Gibco/Invitrogen Corp. (Waltham, MA, USA), and anti-GSTA1 antibody and anti-UGT1A1 were purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, UK), respectively. All other chemicals were at least analytical grade.