In the present study, the nanohybrid composites, Grandio® (VOCO, Cuxhaven, Germany) and Filtek™ Supremé (3M/Espe, Seefeld, Germany), were applied. The composition of the materials is summarised in Fig. 2. Both composites were used in combination with an adhesive system of the respective manufacturer. Grandio® was applied with Solobond M (VOCO, Cuxhaven, Germany) and Filtek™ Supremé with Scotchbond I (3M/Espe, Seefeld, Germany). Total etching was performed for 30 s using Ultra-Etch (Ultradent, Köln, Germany). Afterwards, gentle drying was ensured and the cavities treated by the respective adhesive. Light was applied for 20 s. The cavities were filled by composite increments, each light-cured for 20 s.
Grandio
Manufactured by Voco dental
Sourced in Germany
Grandio is a dental laboratory equipment product that serves as a light-curing unit. Its core function is to provide a controlled source of light for the polymerization of light-cured dental materials.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Ips e max cad, by Ivoclar Vivadent (2 mentions)
Celalux 2 high power led curing light, by Voco dental (1 mentions)
Celtra duo, by Dentsply (1 mentions)
Vitablocs mark 2, by Vita Zahnfabrik (1 mentions)
Grandio flow, by Voco dental (1 mentions)
Protemp 4, by 3M (1 mentions)
Vita enamic, by Vita Zahnfabrik (1 mentions)
Ips empress direct, by Ivoclar Vivadent (1 mentions)
Venus diamond, by Kulzer (1 mentions)
Filtektm z250, by 3M (1 mentions)
Tetric evoceram, by Ivoclar Vivadent (1 mentions)
Spectrum tph 3, by Dentsply (1 mentions)
Esthet x hd, by Dentsply (1 mentions)
Filtek tm supreme xt, by 3M (1 mentions)
Sof lex, by 3M (1 mentions)
Elipar freelight 2, by 3M (1 mentions)
Filtek suprem, by 3M (1 mentions)
Ultra etch, by Ultradent (1 mentions)
8 protocols using grandio
1
Nanohybrid Composite and Adhesive Application
2
Randomized Comparison of Dental Restorations
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Randomization was carried out using computerized sequence generation (https://www.randomizer.org/ ). Participants were assigned into two groups (A and B) according to the type of restorative material received. Each participant received an opaque sealed envelope with a randomized number. Group A received CAD/CAM lithium disilicateceramic blocks (IPS E.max CAD, Ivoclar Vivadent, Lieschtenstein, Germany) restorations and group B received CAD/CAM nano-hybridcomposite blocks (Grandio, VOCO, GmgH, Cuxhaven, Germany) restorations.
3
Standardized Restoration Block Fabrication
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Permanent restoration of all specimens was performed through milling of cylindrical nanohybrid resin composite blocks (Grandio; shade A3, VOCO Germany) with a diameter of 12 mm and height of 4 mm using a milling machine (IMES- ICORE -250i, GmbH, Germany). The fitting surface of each block had been abraded under water cooling with 600-grit SiC paper followed by airborne-particle abrasion with 50 um aluminum oxide particles for 10 seconds to create a flat surface with standardized roughness for proper cementation. After rinsing with running water, the fitting surface of each block was air-dried and primed using a silane coupling agent for 60 seconds, then air dried before final cementation. The blocks were seated after gentle dispensing of self-adhesive resin cement on the prepared specimens. Using an especially fabricated cementation unit, a static load (1 kg for 5 minutes) was applied during block cementation.
4
Nanohybrid Composite Resin Protocol
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After adhesive systems application, a nanohybrid composite resin (Grandio, Voco GmbH, Cuxhaven, Germany) was carefully inserted into the enamel or dentin surface by packing the material into cylindrical-shaped plastic matrices with an internal diameter of 2 mm and a height of 2 mm. Excess composite was carefully removed from the periphery of the matrix with an explorer. The composite was cured with a LED curing light in one light polymerization mode (Celalux 2 High-Power LED curing-light, Voco GmbH, Cuxhaven, Germany) for 20 s at a light intensity of 1000 mW/cm2 according to manufacturer's instructions. The composite buildups were created. Following polymerization, specimens were stored in distilled water for 24 h at 37°C.
5
Accelerated Aging of Resin Composites
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In total, 64 samples were prepared from resin composites (32 from microhybrid (Clearfil AP-X Esthetics, Kuraray) and 32 from nanohybrid composite (Grandio, Voco)) using a 5 mm diameter and 3 mm height plexi mold. Table 1 summarizes the properties of resin composites used in the present study. A polyester matrix (Kerr Hawe, Switzerland) and a glass plate were positioned on one side of the mold to prevent the formation of an unpolymerized layer on the surface. The molds were filled with resin composite, then another glass plate was placed on the surface of the composite to smooth the surface. Both sides of the mold were cured using a light cure device (Woodpecker LED Curing, Guilin Woodpecker Medical Instrument Co., Guilin, China) with a power intensity of 1,000 mW/cm2, each side for 40 s. Then, each sample was polished using a low-speed handpiece and 1,200, 2,400, and 4,000-grit aluminum oxide abrasive disks (Extec, Enfield, CT, USA). Afterward, the samples were transferred to the Xenon test chamber (Alpha LM, Heraeus Kulzer, Hanau, Germany). The Accelerated Artificial Aging procedure was performed at 65°C and 100% humidity for 100 hr.
6
Comparative Evaluation of Dental Materials
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Fifteen dental materials were tested and included the following: feldspar ceramic (VITABLOCS® Mark II, VITA Zahnfabrik, Bad Säckingen, Germany), lithium disilicate glass-ceramic (IPS e. max® CAD, Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein) pre-sintered and post-sintered, zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate (ZLS) ceramic (Celtra Duo, Dentsply Sirona, York, PA, USA) pre-sintered and post-sintered, hybrid ceramic (VITA ENAMIC®, VITA Zahnfabrik, Bad Säckingen, Germany), zirconia 3Y-TZP (3D pro-Zir®, Aidite technology, Qinhuangdoo, China), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) (Ceramill® temp, Amann Girrbach North America, Charlotte, NC, USA), bis-acrylic composite (Protemp™ 4, 3 M, Saint Paul, MN, USA), packable composite resin (Grandio, VOCO Gmbh, Cuxhaven, Germany), and flowable composite resin (Grandio Flow, VOCO Gmbh, Cuxhaven, Germany), gutta-percha (Obtura Flow 150®, Obtura Spartan Endodontics, Algonquin, Il, USA), glass ionomer composite liner (Ionoseal®, VOCO America, Indian Land, SC, USA), resin-modified glass ionomer restorative (Fuji II LC®, GC America, Alsip, IL, USA), amalgam (Permite, SDI Limited, Victoria, Australia). Each material was configured into 2 × 2x2 mm cubes (Fig. 1 , Fig. 2 ).Fig. 1 ![]()
Fig. 2 ![]()
Complete workflow of the testing process.
A simplified version of the testing process.
7
Analysis of Dental Composite Shades
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In the present study a total of 244 different shades of 16 widely used and available brands of RBCs were analyzed. Materials included some of the most commonly used brand names for composites employed by dentists worldwide in the past 10 years: Miris ® 2 (Coltène-Whaledent, Altstätten, Switzerland), Esthet-X ® HD, Ceram-X ® Duo, Spectrum ® TPH3 (Dentsply DeTrey, Konstanz, Germany), EcuSphere ® (DMG Chemisch-Pharmazeutische Fabrik, Hamburg, Germany), ENAMEL Plus HFO/HRi ® (GDF, Rosbach, Germany), Venus ® , Venus ® Diamond, Charisma ® (Heraeus Kulzer, Hanau, Germany), Tetric EvoCeram ® , IPS Empress ® Direct (Ivoclar-Vivadent, Schaan, Lichtenstein), Filtek TM Supreme XT , Filtek TM Z250 (3M-Espe Dental Products, St. Paul, MN, USA), Amaris ® and Grandio ® (VOCO, Cuxhaven, Germany).
8
Composite Resin Specimens Preparation
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The 2 types of composite resin and 3 different bleaching materials used in this study are shown in Table 1. An A2 color tone microhybrid composite (Gradia ® Direct Anterior; GC Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) and a nanohybrid composite (Grandio ® ; VOCO GmbH, Cuxhaven, Germany) were selected for the research. One hundred and fifty specimens were obtained from each composite resin, using a Teflon mold, 2-millimeter-thick and 8 mm in diameter. The composites were placed inside the mold; then, a celluloid microscope slide holder strip was placed on the composite surface to obtain a smooth surface, and finger pressure was applied. The composite materials were then polymerized on their upper and lower surfaces for 20 s, using a light-curing unit (Elipar™ FreeLight 2; 3M ESPE, St. Paul, USA) with a power of 1,000 mW/cm 2 . The light intensity of the curing unit was checked using a digital radiometer (Hilux Ultra Plus; Benlioğlu Dental Inc., Ankara, Turkey) and the calibration of the light-curing unit was repeated for each group. After polymerization, the surfaces of the specimens were polished for 30 s, using a slow-speed handpiece with polishing discs (Sof-Lex™; 3M ESPE) under water.
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