Pcm d100

Advertisement calls were recorded in the field at the air temperature of 18–20 °C using a SONY PCM D100 digital sound recorder. The sound files in wave format were sampled at 44.1 kHz with 24 bits in depth. Praat 6.0.27 (Boersma 2001 ) was used to obtain the oscillogram, sonogram, and power spectrum (window length = 0.005 s). Raven pro 1.5 (Cornell Lab of Ornithology, 2003-2014) was used to quantify the acoustic properties (window size = 1024 points, fast Fourier transform, Hamming window with no overlap). The following measurements were taken for each call: call duration (the time between onset of the first note and offset of the last note in a call), note duration (the time between onset and offset of a note), note rise time (the time between onset and max amplitude of a note), and note interval (the time between adjacent notes in a call). Comparison bioacoustics descriptions of known congeners were obtained from the literature (Matsui and Utsunomiya 1983 (link); Chou 1999 ; Fei et al. 2007 , 2009 ; Chuaynkern et al. 2010 ; Lyu et al. 2017 (link), 2019 (link); Li et al. 2019 (link)).

Advertisement calls of the specimen SYS a007009 from MDY were recorded in the field at the air temperature of 18 °C using a SONY PCM D100 digital sound recorder. The sound files in wave format were sampled at 44.1 kHz with 24 bits in depth. Praat 6.0.27 (Boersma 2001 ) was used to obtain the oscillogram, sonogram, and power spectrum (window length = 0.005 s). Raven pro 1.5 (Cornell Lab of Ornithology, 2003–2014) was used to quantify the acoustic properties (window size = 256 points, fast Fourier transform, Hanning window with no overlap). The following measurements were taken for each call: call duration (the time between onset of the first note and offset of the last note in a call) and call PF (peak frequency; the frequency at which max power occurs within the call); the following measurements were taken for each note: note duration (the time between onset and offset of a note), note rise time (the time between onset and max amplitude of a note), note interval (the time between adjacent notes in a call), note PF and note IQR-BW (inter-quartile range bandwidth; the difference between the first and third quartile frequencies within a note). Mean and standard deviation (SD) were calculated in R 3.3.2 (R Core Team 2016).

The body mass, length, height, chest circumference, and heart rates of the sheep were measured after the novel object test. A sheep was manually constrained, and a digital voice recorder (Sony, PCM-D100, Japan) was positioned close to its left thorax to record its heart rate for 30 seconds. The heart rate was then analyzed by Praat software (Vision 5.4.1, http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/praat/ (accessed on 9 November 2014). We randomly selected 12 pairs of adjacent peaks of the recorded sound wave spectrum. The interval between one peak and its adjacent peak was recorded as the time of one heartbeat. Heart rate was obtained from the mean of 12 heartbeats. Heart rate is widely used as an index to evaluate the sympathetic response under stress in livestock and wildlife [2 (link),7 (link)].
Fecal CORT was measured using a sheep cortisol ELISA kit following the operation manual (Shanghai DUMA Biotechnology Co., Ltd, China). The assay sensitivity was 1.0 ng/mL, and the degree of confidence was >99%. The intra- and inter-assay CVs were 11.2% and 8.4%, respectively.