Immersol 518 f immersion oil

dSTORM experiments were carried out using the Octopus facility at the Central Laser Facility (CLF), Harwell Campus, UK. Data were collected using a Zeiss Elyra PS.1 microscope fitted with an alpha Plan-Apochromat 100×/1.46 oil DIC M27 objective lens using Immersol 518 F immersion oil (Zeiss). Samples were imaged in 0.1 M DTT photoswitching buffer as opposed to PBS. Fluorophores were excited using the 642 nm laser, raised to 0.55–1.1 kW/cm² to achieve a stable blinking state, before being lowered to 0.28 kW/cm² for data collection and detected with a LBF 561/642 dual-band dichroic filter. Twenty thousand images in the field of view of 12.8 × 12.8 µm were recorded with an exposure time of 20 ms and a camera gain of 300 using an EMCCD camera (Andor iXon DU 897). The axial drift of the samples was corrected every 500 frames in real time using definite focus functionality in the microscope.

Samples were imaged using a Zeiss Axiovert 200 microscope with a 63x/1.4 Oil objective (420782-9900; Zeiss, Jena, Germany), Immersol 518F Immersion Oil (444960-0000; Zeiss, Jena, Germany), and DIC microscopy as previously described (Scopulovic et al., 2022 (link)). In brief, samples were imaged at 37 °C and recordings of cilia motility were collected using a Sony Exmore CMOS sensor (EM101500A; ProSciTech, Kirwan, QLD, Australia). One second movies (AVI; uncompressed) were collected at ~300 fps for quantification of CBF, while 20 s movies (mp4; HEVC) were collected at 30 fps for quantification of motile cilia percent and cilia generated flow.

Raman spectra from a petrographic thin section were acquired using a WITec Alpha 300 series Raman equipped with a 532 nm laser, operated at 0.53 mW. The laser was focussed with a Zeiss Plan-Neofluar 100×/1.30 Oil objective using Zeiss Immersol 518 F immersion oil. The region of interest was mapped by raster motion in X and Y increments of 0.25 μm with a dwell time of 12 s. To generate mineral maps, Classical Least Squares (CLS) methods used each spectrum as a linear combination of individual constituent spectra, plus error. Using this method, CLS can decompose a spectrum into a set of constituent scores of individual components to produce semi-quantitative mineral maps. Reference spectra of goethite and lepidocrocite for CLS calculations were extracted from within the data set (Supplementary Table 1)^{11 (link)}. The internal standard spectra and representative spectra of goethite and lepidocrocite are provided in Supplementary Figs. 2–3, respectively. To limit the interference by broad fluorescence, the background was removed from all spectra prior to analysis. The baseline was removed using the rolling circle filter with a nominal diameter of 250 as implemented in the “shape” function of the Witec Project 4.1 software^{12 (link)}. Data analysis, including CLS calculations, and instrument control were performed using Project Four software and WITec Control Four, respectively.