Mgso4

ZrCl₄ (≥98.0%), 2-aminoterephthalic acid (≥98.0%), mercury standard solution (AAS, 1 mg/mL Hg in 2–5% HNO₃) and lead standard solution (AAS, 1 mg/mL Pb in 2–5% HNO₃) were purchased from Alfa Aesar. CH₃NCS (≥99.0%) and hydroxyethyl starch (98%) were purchased from XiYa Chemical (Linyi, China) Technology. Zn(NO₃)₂·6H₂O (≥98.0%), Cu(NO₃)₂·3H₂O (≥98.0%), FeCl₃·6H₂O (≥98.0%), DMF (A.R.), acetone (A.R.) and C₂H₅OH (A.R.) were purchased from Aladdin Industrial Corporation (Shanghai, China). Tetrahydrofuran, K₂Cr₂O₇ (A.R.), CdO (≥99.999%), Ni(NO₃)₂·6H₂O (A.R.), CaCO₃ (A.R.), MgSO₄ (A.R.), Mn(NO₃)₂ (50%, A.R.), THF (A.R.) and HF (≥40%, A.R.) were purchased from Beijing Chemical Works (Beijing, China). Deionized water was used throughout all experiments. PTFE filters (13 mm diameter with pore size of 0.22 μm) were purchased from ZiYang Economic and Trade Corporation (Changchun, China). Substrates used in this work (non-woven fabric made of polypropylene (NWF) with 0.42 mm thickness and a mass density of 120 g/m²) were purchased from commercial sources. All substrates were washed with acetone and dried at 60 °C for 3 h in a vacuum oven before use. All reagents and materials were used as received without further treatment.

Irisensata Thunb grass (ITG) was obtained from the experimental area of Jilin Agricultural University (Changchun, China) in 2022, washed with deionized water, dried at 80 °C for 12 h, and crushed. Aspergillus niger (A. niger) was supported by the Key Laboratory of Straw Comprehensive Utilization and Black Soil Conservation, Ministry of Education.
D-glucose monohydrate and agar were provided by Sinopharm Chemical Reagents Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Potatoes were bought from a local supermarket. (NH₄)₂SO₄, KH₂PO₄, MgSO₄, CaCl₂, NaCl, FeSO₄, MnSO₄, ZnCl₂, NaOH, HCl, and KOH were purchased from Beijing Chemical Works (Beijing, China) and used without further purification. Mixed base (MB) was prepared by using equal masses of NaOH and KOH.
Rhodamine B (RhB, CAS: 81−88−9) and Tetracycline hydrochloride (TH, CAS: 64−75−5) were supplied by Aladdin Chemical (Shanghai) Co. Ltd. (Shanghai, China) and the structural formulas of RhB and TH are shown as Figure S1 (Supplementary Material).