For the strains of D. bruxellensis, their chromosome-sized DNA was prepared (following [39 (link)]), after which their chromosomes were separated by pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) using a CHEF Mapper XA (Bio-Rad) and the following 4-step programme: (1) a 2700s pulse for 25 h, at 1.5 V/cm and the angle of 53°; (2) a 2200s pulse for 25 h, at 1.5 V/cm and the angle of 60°; (3) a 1500s pulse for 30 h, at 2 V/cm and the angle of 60°; (4) a 500s pulse for 30 h, at 2.5 V and the angle of 60°.
The separated digested DNA or chromosomes were transferred onto the Hybond XL-membrane and hybridized with radioactively labeled DNA probes. The DNA labelling was performed with [γ-32P] dCTP using the Amersham Rediprime II Random Prime labelling system (GE Healthcare, Freiburg, Germany). The signals were detected using the Imaging Screen-K (35×43 cm; Bio-Rad) and Personal Molecular Imager FX (Bio-Rad).