Patch-clamp recordings were analyzed using Signal, version 5 (Cambridge Electronic Design) and Axograph (version 1.3.4). Statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism 9 software (San Diego, CA, USA). The statistical analyses were two-tailed statistical tests with alpha risk set at 0.05. All data were tested for normality using the Shapiro–Wilk test. For two-group comparisons we used two-tailed paired or unpaired t test depending on if the data resulted from the same cells or not, respectively. Further, one-way and two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test were used when comparing more than two datasets. In each experiment, results are presented as amplitude difference, percent change, p value(s), t value(s), statistical test used and cell number. Further animal number is indicated in each respective results section. Correlations between reduction of GABAAfast and GABAAslow were done using a Pearson r correlation. Statistical significance is defined as *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, and ****p < 0.0001, if not noted otherwise.
Signal version 5
Manufactured by Cambridge Electronic Design
Sourced in United Kingdom
Signal, version 5 is a digital signal processing device designed for laboratory applications. It provides fundamental functionalities for analyzing and manipulating electronic signals. The core function of this product is to capture, process, and display digital waveforms.
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Lab products found in correlation
5 protocols using signal version 5
1
Patch-clamp Analysis of GABA Receptor Kinetics
2
Whole-Cell Patch-Clamp Recordings of Optogenetically-Stimulated Neurons
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Slices were initially visualized under epifluorescence illumination with a high-sensitivity digital frame transfer camera (Cooke SensiCam) mounted on an Olympus BX50-WI epifluorescence microscope with a × 40 long working distance water-immersion lens. Once a GFP+ interneuron was identified, visualization was switched to infrared–differential interference contrast microscopy for the actual patching of the neuron. Micropipettes for whole-cell recording were constructed from 1.2 mm outer diameter borosilicate pipettes on a Narishige PP-83 vertical puller. The standard internal solution for whole-cell current-clamp recording was as follows (in mM): 130 K-gluconate, 10 KCl, 2 MgCl2, 10 HEPES, 4 Na2ATP, 0.4 Na2GTP, pH 7.3. These pipettes had a DC impedance of 3–5 MΩ. Membrane currents and potentials were recorded using an Axoclamp 700B amplifier (Molecular Devices). Recordings were digitized at 20–40 kHz with a CED Micro 1401 Mk II and a PC running Signal, version 5 (Cambridge Electronic Design). Optogenetic stimulation in vitro consisted of 2–5 ms duration blue light pulses delivered using a high-power (750 mW) LED. Sweeps were run at 20 s intervals.
3
Patch-clamp Analysis of GABA Receptor Kinetics
4
Measuring Muscle Activity with EMG
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Throughout the experiment, subjects were seated comfortably in a non-reclining chair, with their right hand rested on a cushion. Electromyographic (EMG) activity was recorded from the right first dorsal interosseous (FDI) muscle using Ag/AgCl cup electrodes arranged in a belly-tendon montage. The raw signals were amplified and a bandpass filter was also applied. (20 Hz to 2 kHz (Digitimer, Welwyn Garden City, UK)) Signals were digitised at 5 kHz (CED Power 1401; Cambridge Electronic Design, Cambridge, United Kingdom) and data were stored on a computer for offline analysis (Signal Version 5.10, Cambridge Electronic Design, UK was used).
5
Electromyographic Recording of FDI Muscle
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Throughout the experiment, participants were seated comfortably in a non-reclining chair, with their right index finger rested over the 'M' key on a keyboard. Their forearms were supported using a cushion. Electromyographic (EMG) activity was recorded from the right first dorsal interosseous (FDI) muscle using 19 x 38 mm surface electrodes (Ambu WhiteSensor 40713) arranged in a belly-tendon montage. The raw signals were amplified, and a bandpass filter was also applied (20 Hz to 2 kHz, Digitimer, Welwyn Garden City, United Kingdom). Signals were digitised at 5 kHz (CED Power 1401; Cambridge Electronic Design, Cambridge, United Kingdom) and data were stored on a computer for offline analysis (Signal version 5.10, Cambridge Electronic Design, United Kingdom).
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