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14 protocols using andor ixon emccd camera

1

Multicolor Fluorescence Imaging Microscopy

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Wide-field fluorescence imaging was carried out using Nikon Ti-E microscope with CFI Apo TIRF objective with an NA of 1.49. The microscope was enclosed by a custom-made chamber that was pre-heated overnight and kept at 39–40°C. For excitation of mCerulean, mYPet, and mCherry signal, cells were illuminated by Nikon-Intensilight illumination lamp through a CFP filter set (λex / λbs / λem = 426–446 / 455 / 460–500 nm), YFP filter set (λex / λbs / λem = 490–510 / 515 / 520–550 nm), or an RFP filter set (λex / λbs / λem = 540–580 / 585 / 592 – 668). The fluorescence signal was recorded by an Andor iXon EMCCD camera. For time-lapse imaging during single cell growth, images were acquired every 12 min for about 8 hours or until the cell growth stopped. The structured illumination microscopy images were taken using Nikon-Ti microscope equipped with a N-SIM module with a 100X objective (1.49), 515nm laser, and an Andor iXon EMCCD camera.
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2

Electroformation of Giant Unilamellar Vesicles

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A 1 mg ml -1 lipid stock of POPC, doped with a 1 mol % of Rho-DPPE was prepared. 20 µl of the lipid mixture (20 µg) was deposited on a clean ITO-coated glass slide and dried under vacuum for 1 h. The dried lipid cake was flooded with 225 µl of 200 mM sucrose within an area delimited by an O-ring, and covered with a second ITO-coated glass slide. Electroformation 36 was carried out at 25˚C with application of an AC current at 5 Hz and 3 V for 120 min. The GUVs were suspended in the isotonic glucose solution of identical osmolarity for microcopy imaging on an inverted Eclipse TE 2000 microscope (Nikon) fitted with an Andor iXon+ EMCCD camera (Andor Technology, Belfast, Northern Ireland).
Wide-field fluorescence Microscopy. DOPC LUVs doped with 0.1 mol% of Rhod-DPPE were prepared as described above and diluted to approximately 0.4 mg/ml in Tris-buffered in a 96-well plate. 4BAH2 was added to a final concentration 1-2.5 µM. Images were captured on an inverted Eclipse TE 2000 microscope (Nikon) fitted with an Andor iXon+ EMCCD camera (Andor Technology, Belfast, Northern Ireland). Samples were visualized using a 60x oil immersion objective (NA 1.49) or a 20x objective and TRITC (Rhod-DPPE) and FITC (calcein) filter sets with a mercury lamp (Intensilight C-HGFIE; Nikon Corporation).
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3

Super-Resolution Microscopy Technique

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Super-resolution microscopy was performed with a Leica SR GSD microscope (Leica Microsystems, Wetzlar, Germany) with a Sumo Stage (#11888963) for drift free imaging. Images were collected with an EMCCD Andor iXon camera (Andor Technology, Belfast, UK) and an oil immersion objective (PL Apo 160X, NA 1.46). Lasers used are 405 nm/30 mW (back-pumping only), 488 nm/300 mW and 647 nm/500 mW. Between 10,000 to 50,000 frames were collected at 100 Hz for each SR image. Data were analyzed with the Image J ThunderStorm analysis module (Ovesny et al., 2014 (link)).
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4

Ratiometric Single-Cell Calcium Analysis

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For ratiometric single cell calcium analysis, DRGs were labeled with Fura-2/AM in imaging solution (in mM): 134 NaCl, 6 KCl, 1 MgCl2, 1 CaCl2, 10 HEPES, 5.5 glucose, pH 7.4 adjusted with NaOH (Oehler et al., 2012 (link), 2017 (link)). All measurements were performed at room temperature using a Nikon TE2000-E microscope. Fura-2/AM was excited with a Lambda DG4/17 wavelength switch (Sutter Instruments, Novato, CA, USA). Time-lapse image series were acquired with a cooled EMCCD Andor iXon camera (Andor Technology Ltd., Belfast, UK) controlled by NIS Elements Software (Nikon, Düsseldorf, Germany). Objective: CFI S-Fluor 10×/0.5 (Nikon). Image series were analyzed with ImageJ 1.46r, time series analyzer V2.0 plugin (Rasband, W.S., ImageJ, U.S. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA). AITC was used as TRPA1 agonist and β-endorphin as MOR agonist. The mean of basal fluorescence intensity was determined for each measurement. Number of reacting cells (%) was calculated by 1.5-fold increase of mean basal fluorescent intensity after stimulation. The area under curve (AUC) was taken from the mean of five individual experiments. Intervals correspond to the stimulation period of AITC.
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5

Super-resolution Microscopy Imaging Protocol

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Super-resolution microscopy was performed with a Leica SR GSD microscope (Leica Microsystems, Wetzlar, Germany) mounted on a Sumo Stage (#11888963) for drift-free imaging. Collection of images was done with an EMCCD Andor iXon camera (Andor Technology, Belfast, UK) and an oil immersion objective (HCX PL Apo 100X, NA 1.47). Laser characteristics were 405 nm/30 mW, 488 nm/300 mW and 647 nm/500 mW, with the 405-nm laser used for back pumping and the others for wide field/TIRF imaging. Ultra clean coverslips (cleaned and washed with base and acid overnight) were used for imaging. The number of recorded frames was variable between 10,000 to 50,000, with a frame rate of 100 Hz. The data sets were analysed with the Thunder Storm analysis module69 (link) and images were reconstructed with a detection threshold of 70 photons, sub pixel localization of molecules and uncertainty correction, with a pixel size of 10 nm.
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6

Super-resolution Imaging of Cellular Structures

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Super-resolution microscopy was performed with a Leica SR GSD microscope (Leica Microsystems, Wetzlar, Germany) mounted on a Sumo Stage (#11888963) for drift-free imaging. Collection of images was done with an EMCCD Andor iXon camera (Andor Technology, Belfast, UK) and a ×160 oil immersion objective (NA 1.47). For the three-dimensional images an astigmatic lens has been used. To image, the samples have been immersed in the multi-color super-resolution imaging buffer OxEA67 (link). Laser characteristics were 405 nm/30 mW, 488 nm/300 mW, and 647 nm/500 mW, with the 405 nm laser for back pumping. Ultra clean coverslips (cleaned and washed with base and acid overnight) were used for imaging. The number of recorded frames was variable between 10,000 and 50,000, with a frame rate of 100 Hz. The data sets were analyzed with the Thunder Storm analysis module68 (link), and images were reconstructed with a detection threshold of 70 photons, subpixel localization of molecules and uncertainty correction, with a pixel size of 10 nm.
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7

Ambient ATP/ADP Sensing Assay

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Cells of the COS-1 line that endogenously express P2Y receptors coupled to Ca2+ mobilization and CHO,
were transfected with P2X2/P2X3 expression construct and used as cellular sensors for monitoring ambient nanomolar ATP and ADP
concentrations. The bath solution for cellular physiology experiments contained (mM) 140 NaCl, 2.5 KCl, 1 MgSO4, 1.3
CaCl2, 1.2 NaH2PO4, 10 glucose, 5 pyruvate, 10 HEPES–NaOH, pH 7.4. For calcium
imaging ATP-sensitive cells were preloaded with 4 mM Fluo-4AM+1.5 mg/ml Pluronic (both from Molecular Probes) for 30 min
at 23–25°C. Cell fluorescence was excited with a computer controlled light emitting diode (Luxion) at 480 nm and
recorded at 535 nm. Sequential fluorescence images were acquired every 0.5–2 seconds using a fluorescent Axioscope-2
microscope, an EMCCD Andor iXON camera (Andor Technology) and Workbench 6.0 software (INDEC Biosystems).
Cells were stimulated by bath application of compounds. All chemicals were from Sigma-Aldrich. Experiments were carried
out at 23–25°C.
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8

Electrophysiological and Calcium Imaging Techniques for Taste Cell Analysis

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Taste cells were assayed with the patch-clamp technique using the perforated patch (with 400 mg/l amphotericin B in the
recording pipette) or whole-cell configuration. Ion currents were recorded, filtered, and analyzed using an Axopatch 200B
amplifier, a DigiData1322 interface, and the pClamp8 software (Axon Instruments). Intracellular solution contained (mM) 100 CsCl,
40 KCl, 1 MgATP, 1 EGTA, 10 HEPES–NaOH, pH 7.4. The bath solution contained (mM) 140 NaCl, 2.5 KCl, 1 MgSO4,
1.3 CaCl2, 1.2 NaH2PO4, 10 glucose, 5 pyruvate, 10 HEPES–NaOH, pH 7.4.
For calcium imaging cells were loaded with 4 μM Fluo-4AM or FURA-2AM +1.5 mg/ml Pluronic (both from
Molecular Probes) for 30 min at 23–25°C. For Fluo-4 loaded cells fluorescence was excited with a computer
controlled light emitting diode (Luxion) at 480 nm and recorded at 535 nm. Sequential fluorescence images were acquired every
0.5–2 seconds using a fluorescent Axioscope-2 microscope, an EMCCD Andor iXON camera (Andor Technology) and Workbench 6.0
software (INDEC Biosystems). To measure Fura-2 signals, recordings were done using a VisiChrome monochromator and VisiView
software (Visitron Systems) on an AxioExaminer.D1 microscope (Zeiss) equipped with a CoolSnap HQ2 camera
(Photometrics). Cells were stimulated by bath application of compounds. All chemicals were from Sigma-Aldrich. Experiments were
carried out at 23–25°C.
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9

Live-cell TIRF Microscopy Protocols

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The two-color, live-cell TIRF movies were all acquired using a custom-built microscope in the Princeton University Lewis-Sigler Imaging Core Facility, consisting of the following components: 488 nm (Coherent) and 561 nm (CrystaLaser) excitation lasers, an acousto-optical tunable filter (AA Optoelectronic), a Plan Apo 60×/1.49 NA oil immersion objective (Olympus), a 37°C heated stage and coverslip holder, a multiband filter set (Semrock, LF488/561-A-000), an Andor iXon EMCCD camera, and custom control software written in Matlab (Mathworks). Fluorescence emission bands are as follows: pHluorin, 523/40 nm emission; mRFP, 610/52 nm emission.
Three-color, live-cell TIRF movies were acquired on a Nikon Ti-E microscope in the Princeton University Molecular Biology Confocal Microscopy Facility. This microscope is equipped with 405 nm, 488 nm, and 561 nm excitation lasers (Agilent), an Apo TIRF 100×/1.49 NA oil immersion objective (Nikon), an Andor iXon Ultra EMCCD camera, a 37°C heated stage, and Nikon NIS Elements software. Fluorescence emission bands are as follows: mTurquoise2, ∼450/60 nm; pHluorin, ∼525/50 nm emission; mRFP, ∼605/50 nm emission.
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10

Stochastic Insertion of Nanorods into Cells

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The microscope setup was based on an Olympus IX71 inverted microscope equipped with a xenon lamp (75 W; U-LH75XEAPO, Olympus) and excitation filter (BP 470/40, Chroma Technology Corp). The excitation power was 2 mW at the image plane. The emission of the NPs was collected by a 60× objective lens (PlanApo 60×, NA = 1.45, oil immersion, Olympus) and passed through a dichroic mirror (505DCXRU, Chroma Technology Corp). Imaging was carried out with an Andor iXon EMCCD camera (Andor iXon). Two microliters of pcNRs in DMSO solution (~300 nM) were loaded to the glass-bottom dish (Thermo Fisher Scientific) where the self-spiking HEK293 cells were cultured. The pcNRs spontaneously inserted into cell membranes within 1 to 2 min. The pcNR-loading density estimated from the image was ~105 pcNRs per cell. After rapid shaking, the cell medium was changed with Dulbecco’s PBS (Life Technologies). The dish was then placed on the microscope. Fluorescence was recorded in a movie format for 9 s with a 30-ms integration per frame.
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