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6 protocols using calpain 1

1

Quantification of Protein Expression

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Determination of total protein concentration was assessed using the Bradford method20 (link). Proteins were separated by 10% SDS-Page and transferred onto a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA, USA). Ponceau S staining was used to ensure equal loading and proper transfer of the proteins. Western Blots were incubated overnight at 4 °C with appropriate primary antibodies (4-HNE: #AB-46545, Abcam, Cambridge, UK; Calpain-1: #SC-13990, Santa Cruz, Dallas, Texas, USA) and subsequently with the suitable horseradish-peroxidase conjugated secondary antibody (anti-rabbit, #7074, Cell-signalling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA). Proteins were visualized by enhanced chemiluminescence using peroxidase substrate (Clarity Western ECL Blotting Substrate) and analysed using the ChemiDoc System with the Image Lab Software (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA, USA) and normalized to Vinculin (#V9131, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) as a loading control.
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2

Comprehensive Antibody Profiling for Cellular Analysis

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Antibodies including; CBS, CSE, MTHFR, Hcy, DNMT1 and DNMT3a were all obtained from Abcam (Cambridge, MA USA). Additional antibodies SAHH, HSP-60, Calpain-1, p47phox, gp91phox, TRX-2, MnSOD, TIMP-1, TIMP-2, ZO-1,Occludin, LC3, Mfn-2, Drp-1 and COXIV were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA). GAPDH was acquired from Boster Biological Technology (Pleasanton, CA, USA).
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3

Bufalin-induced Apoptosis Pathway

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Bufalin of 99% purity, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 4′,6-Diamidino-2-Phenylindole, Dilactate, (DAPI), propidium iodide (PI), and Trypsin-EDTA were obtained from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). McCoy’s 5A medium, fetal bovine serum (FBS), l-glutamine, and penicillin-streptomycin were purchased from GIBCO®/Invitrogen Life Technologies (Carlsbad, CA, USA). Primary antibody anti-β-actin was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA); anti-Bcl-2, Bcl-x, Bax, caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9, and PARP were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA, USA); anti-cytochrome c, AIF, Endo G, Calpain 1, GRP-78, and GADD153 were purchased from Santa Cruz (Santa Cruz, CA, USA); anti-Fas and caspase-4 were purchased from BD Biosciences (San Diego, CA, USA); and anti-Fas-Ligand was purchased from Millipore (Bedford, MA, USA). Second antibody goat anti-mouse IgG-HRP, goat anti-rabbit IgG-HRP, and goat anti-goat IgG-HRP were purchased from Santa Cruz (Santa Cruz, CA, USA). Second antibody FITC (fluorescein isothiocyanate)-labeled goat anti–mouse IgG Ab, FITC-labeled goat anti-rabbit IgG Ab, and FITC-labeled goat anti-goat IgG Ab were purchased from Jackson ImmunoResearch (West Grove, PA, USA). Bufalin was dissolved in DMSO.
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4

Western Blot Analysis of Mitochondrial Proteins

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Equal amounts of protein were loaded in each well of 4-20% Tris-glycine gels (Bio-Rad) as recently described [33 (link)]. After electrophoresis for 90 min at 125 V of constant voltage, the gel was blotted onto a nitrocellulose membrane by electrophoretic transfer at 90 V of constant voltage for 1.5 h. The membrane was washed, blocked with 5% blocking solution, and probed with various primary antibodies at 4°C overnight. Antibodies: Mitofilin (Polyclonal, Proteintech 10179-1-AP, 1 μg/ml, and Monoclonal, Invitrogen (2E4AD5, 45-6400) at 2 μg/mL for WB), Cyclophilin D (Novus Biologicals, 455900, 1 μg/ml), Calpain 10 (Santa Cruz, (C-20), sc-48454 1 μg/ml), Calpain 1 Santa Cruz, (D-11), sc-271313 1 μg/ml), Myc-Tag Antibody (Cell Signaling, #2272 1 μg/ml), VDAC1 (Santa Cruz (B6) sc-390996, 5 μg/ml), GAPDH (Cell Signaling, D4C6R #9716, 5 μg/ml). After washing, membranes were incubated for 1h at room temperature with the corresponding fluorophore-conjugated secondary antibodies (goat anti-rabbit Alexa 680, 20 ng/ml; goat anti-mouse IR Dye 800CW, 10 ng/ml). The total protein loading was measured by immersing the membrane in the ponceau S solution (CAS No.: 6226-79-5). After washing, bands were visualized using an infrared fluorescence system (Odyssey Imaging System, Li-COR Biosciences).
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5

Immunoprecipitation and Western Blot Analysis

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Panc 10.05 cells grown in light RPMI1640 media were lysed in M-PER buffer supplemented with protease inhibitor cocktail. The lysate was immunoprecipitated with either the pre- or post-vaccination purified antibodies using protein G beads. The immunoprecipitates were eluted by boiling in NUPAGE LDS sample buffer and resolved on a NuPAGE 4-12% Bis-Tris gel (Invitrogen). Proteins in the gel were transferred onto nitrocellulose membrane using a semi-dry apparatus (Invitrogen). The membrane was blocked in 5% bovine serum albumin (BSA, Invitrogen) in 0.1% Tween 20-PBS (PBS-T) buffer for 1 hour at room temperature and probed with the relevant primary antibody overnight at 4°C. Antibodies against galectin-3 (sc-19283), E3 ubiquitin protein ligase (sc-9561), Mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (sc-34560), Epidermal growth factor receptor kinase substrate 8-like protein 2 (sc-100722), Calpain-1 (sc-81171) were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA). The membrane was incubated with the corresponding peroxidase conjugated secondary antibodies (Sigma) and then ECL Western Blotting Detection Reagents (GE Healthcare) was used for developing.
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6

Cardiac Protein Expression Analysis

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The primary antibodies used in this study were against: JP2 (N-terminal region; rabbit polyclonal; Abcam, ab116077), JP2 (middle region; rabbit polyclonal; Fitzgerald, 70R-6923), JP2 (C-terminal region; mouse monoclonal; Santa Cruz, sc-377086), RyR2 (rabbit polyclonal; Sigma-Aldrich, HPA020028), Calpain-1 (mouse monoclonal; Santa Cruz, sc-271313), Calpain-2 (rabbit polyclonal; Santa Cruz, sc-30064), CAPNS1 (rabbit polyclonal; Sigma-Aldrich, HPA006872), α-Spectrin (rabbit polyclonal; Cell Signaling, #2122), and β-Actin (mouse monoclonal; Santa Cruz, sc-47778). The secondary antibodies used for Western blot analysis were: anti-mouse IRDye 680RD (donkey polyclonal; LI-COR, #926-68072), and anti-rabbit IRDye 800CW (donkey polyclonal; LI-COR, #926-32213). The secondary antibodies used for immunofluorescence were: anti-mouse-STAR635P (goat polyclonal; Abberior, 200020075), and anti-rabbit-STAR580 (goat polyclonal; Abberior, 200120058).
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